Addiction The Problem Of Addiction Essay - 829 Words

You likely experience varying emotions dealing with the addict. One moment you fear the addict may die of an overdose; a moment later, you are angry because the addict is wasting money on drugs, sleeping in late, or refusing to work. It’s frustrating and painful to watch helplessly as someone you care about falls prey to the negative and possibly catastrophic consequences of addiction. While the addict deals with the consequences of addiction, your struggles are just as important and deserve attention. Here are ways to help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict: Expand Your Knowledge of Addiction. Topics Covered in the Next Several Chapters Include: †¢ Why and how addiction develops. †¢ Why addicts continue to use despite the mounting problems addiction causes. †¢ The medical, social or legal consequences of addiction. †¢ Healthy ways for you to motivate the addict to seek treatment. †¢ Healthy ways to take care of yourself. †¢ The reality of addiction: the addict is in control. Counseling You need to be emotionally healthy to cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Counseling with a therapist or spiritual counselor can be of immense value. Unfortunately, society views mental health problems as a sign of weakness. The very same stigma exists for drug addiction! Don’t allow yourself to think that way. Counseling can help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Referral to a physician for medication can be helpful if you are struggling withShow MoreRelatedAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction939 Words   |  4 PagesThe amount of damage that addiction brings into people’s lives can be staggering. Society’s perspective of addiction can either help or hinder the problem. Some addictions are seen negatively by society while others are not recognized as harmful. Some perspectives view the issue moralistically, creating shame regarding the problem. This approach is rarely helpful when dealing with the problem of addiction. Psychology, through a biopsychosocial model, attempts to offer a scientific perspective. ThisRead MoreAddiction : The Problem With Addiction1222 Words   |  5 Pagesto treat addiction, it is important to first understand why addiction occurs. Often, there is a misconception on what steps need to be taken to deal with addiction, and what factors increase the propensity of addiction in the first place. The differ ent models of addiction aim to clarify and justify reasons why addiction occurs both physiologically and psychologically, as well as provide plausible solutions to stop addiction. Although the models all contain differing view on why addiction occurs, andRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1705 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction A crisis that many communities in Georgia are experiencing is addiction. A large substance that is currently being abuse is methamphetamine. Methamphetamine can be smoked, snorted, injected, taken orally and dissolved in liquids. The most common use is smoking and injecting the drug because of the immediate reaction it has on the body. It is highly addictive and has repeated patterns of binges and crashes with the individual constantly trying to reproduce their euphoric high. A recentRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction1387 Words   |  6 Pageshave an addiction. The feeling of always wanting more just to be satisfied. Addiction is the result of a person who is consumed by a substance involved in an activity that is pleasurable. Drinking and shopping are two types of severe addictions and people do not realize it until it is too late. Addiction comes in various forms and it takes a while to realize what type of addiction a person could have. It tends to affect a person either physically or emotionally. A physical addiction causesRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1798 Words   |  8 PagesAddiction I am the solution to my problem â€Å"The truth is most families discover is that no one can cure another person’s addiction. Only addicts can do that for themselves.† The textbook definition of addiction is a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance. Some researches speak of two types of addictions; substance addictions (such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking) and process addictions (such as gambling, spending, shopping, eating, and sexual activity. Users that areRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction900 Words   |  4 Pagescan be true of any addiction and it is problematic for our society. Addiction is on the rise in our country and it is quickly becoming an epidemic. The reason for the rapid rise is due, in part, to the fact that many children are following in their addicted parents’ footsteps. The future of our country is at risk as more youth turn towards drugs and alcohol. The government should implement programs that support addicts and their childre n in order to stop the cycle of addiction. Children whoRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction764 Words   |  4 PagesThis ted talk was phenomenal it made me really think of how we react to addicts, addiction issues, and related topics. Johann Hari, did a great job of explaining the current methods of handling addiction from many perspectives, such as political and societal. His journey within his own family took him all over the world to find the answers he wanted to know for himself and I think this was an inspiring investigation. I believe it is important to investigate as much as possible when you are lookingRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction Students stroll in to class, their Venti iced soy vanilla lattes in hand rather than a notebook and pen. Keurig coffeemakers are commonplace in college dorm rooms. Colleges boast the number of Starbucks shops they have on campus. Just a month into the school year, and already many students’ bodies are becoming tolerant to caffeine, needing more and more of it to achieve the desired boost of energy, and if not given their fix, rebelling by causing headaches and irritability. Could itRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesNot very many people understand why addiction brings out the worst in others, they only see what they are doing, not what the addiction is doing to them. It must be understood that it is a journey to overcome addiction. Some do not want to overcome it, but they will be better off. Everyone has an addiction to take the pain away, and not everyone realizes that they are addicted because addiction creates a false euphoria, but in reality, it is a nightmare. Addiction is an unusually great interest inRead MoreThe Problem Of The Addiction1179 Words   |  5 Pages The term addiction has been perplexing psychologists and humanity for many years. Normal people can’t seem to grasp what truly drives addiction and what addicts themselves go through on a daily basis when dealing with it. Hence, society has produced such a negative connotation associated with the term addiction such as cravings, compulsions, and dependence, that the true meaning of the term has been lost, and with it, its solution. People seem to believe that an addict is a lost cause, forever to

A Human Headed Winged Bull And Winged Lion - 948 Words

The title of this sculpture is a Human-headed winged bull and winged lion. It is often called shedu or lamassu. A lamassu represents a female deity. A shedu refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu. There is no name of the artist. The Human-headed winged bull and winged lion is from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Neo-Assyrian. This winged lion stood in Ashurnasirpal II s palace at Nimrud, one of the enormous stone statues of winged beasts set up at entrances and doorways to protect the king from evil and to impress all thoese who entered. It is excavated at Kalhu (modern Nimrud). The sculpture is dated to ca. 883-859 B.C. and dimensions are H. 10ft. 3 1/2 in. (313.7 cm). It is plain ivory color. It is now situated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (32.143.1–.2). Medium is gypsum alabaster. The sculpture has the head of a human male, a body of an bull or a lion, bird s wings, and a long tail that is very long and looks like a broom. Also, the head of a human male h as a shaggy beard, big eyes, the thick eyebrows, tall nose, and small lip. It wears a belt, and has five legs. A belt on the waist signifies power. Their heads are crowned with the horned caps typical of deities throughout the ancient Near East. At the facade of this sculpture, it appears to stand firmly in place. But at the side of this sculpture, it is striding forward. It was carved in colossal size, and placed as a pair. It was predominantly placed at either side of the entrances of cities,Show MoreRelatedThe Metropolitan Museum Of Art1480 Words   |  6 PagesII. The Human-Headed Winged Lion and the Human-Headed Winged Bull is from the Assyrian city of Nimrud in the Ancient Near East during the year 883-859 B.C. The Lamassus were placed outside the palace, on the sides of the doorway like how the Met Museum has placed them. Created in order to protect the palace and to strike fear and awe into those who entered, they were a constant reminder of the greatness of the king and h is power, and served as a spiritual guardian for him. The Human-headed WingedRead MoreThe Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed Winged Lion1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed winged lion, also known as the Lamassu, are two pieces of art that are very different yet similar with each other in composition, representation, function, and style. Although they were created at two different points in history, the artists thought about and created the two art works in similar fashion. The work of art from the Egyptian period is a statue representing the god of war, the sun, and rulers, Horus. It was created in the time frameRead MoreModern Art : Ancient Art1555 Words   |  7 Pagespresented. Including, the Assyrian Lamassu, Achaemenid Colum Capital in the form of Man- Bull, and the Colossal Bull- Head, and an Egyptian â€Å"servant† statue. Beginning with ancient Mesopotamian art, one significant art work was excavated in 1929, and now presented in the Oriental Institute in Chicago with its museum number A7369 is the Lamassu from Dur- Sharrukin; also known as the Human- headed Winged Bull. According to the label information, the Lamassu was created around 721-705 BCE during theRead MorePoseidon Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesvery much like those enacted by Zeus and Hera; Poseidon has a weakness for women, and Amphitrite with good cause is angry and vengeful (1). Together they bore three children, Rhode, Triton, and Benthesicyme. Triton was a merman that consisted of human above the waist and fish-shaped below the waist. He is seen many a times blowing a conch shell and can change shape at will. Poseidon had an infatuation with Scylla, daughter of Phorcys, and this angered Amphitrite. Amphitrite changed Scylla intoRead MoreThe Griffin, The Mermaid, And The Giant Cyclops1741 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout Histor y and across cultures humans have always tried to make sense of scientific phenomena through stories. The stories attempt to explain scientifically unknown events such as natural disasters, astronomical or geological phenomena, or agricultural failures or successes. The stories serve to protect citizens, to explain the unexplainable, and to justify traditions. These folklore stories often stem from encounters with nature and are expressed through cultural traditions. Rocks, mineralsRead More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagescenturies will we begin to see his naturalistic/scientific theory evolve. Human beings are born, live, and held prisoners of their bodies. Since the beginning of time, the human form has been represented in pictorial depictions. Representation of animals and nature appear to only be depicted in ways to enhance the human race; either through religious, mystical, hunting charms, or whatever the themes all center around humans. The form does take on specific significance when viewed in the contextRead MoreZeus The man the Myth the Legend1577 Words   |  7 Pagesrescued and taught the art of the forge by sea nymphs and eventually make his way atop mount Olympus as the blacksmith (Stone 69). Next was Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia, who was the daughter of Atlas. Hermes was the messenger god; equipped with his winged sandals he would prove himself invaluable to Zeus saving him on multiple occasions. Finally, there was Dionysos, god of wine and ecstasy, who would take the place of Hestia in the pantheon. While Semeli was pregnant with Dionysos she demanded to seeRead MoreOverview of Greek Mythology2666 Words   |  11 Pagesdid we get here? Why are we here? Questions like these are human nature and the basis of all religions. Mohandas Gandhi once said â€Å"It is the permanent element in human nature which counts no cost too great in order to find full expression and which leaves the soul utterly restless until it has found itself, known its Maker and appreciated the true correspondence between the Maker and itself† (Bharathi 43). By this Gandhi means that humans as a race have a perpetual need to understand the world aroundRead MoreEssay on Mythology1840 Words   |  8 PagesMythology The origin of the universe can be explained by modern astronomers and astrophysicists, while archaeologists and historians try to clarify the origin of human societies. In the distant past, however, before any sciences existed, the beginnings of the world and of society were explained by MYTHOLOGY. The dictionary defines mythology as the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people. The word myth is often mistakenly understood toRead MoreComparison on the Differences of Chinese Long and Western Dragon4164 Words   |  17 Pagesoriginate from different legendaries and contain people’s different emotions. Their figures and capabilities are different. Chinese long (Chinese dragon) is a combination of several animals and it can fly without wings. Western dragon looks like a winged dinosaur. It can fly with its wings and spring fire from its mouth. Chinese long (Chinese dragon) combines several propitious animals and it can bring harvest. People believe Chinese long (Chinese dragon) is a positive imaginary. But in the west,

Toyota Motor Company Analysis free essay sample

Toyota, This report provides a detailed company description of the giant automaker Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), along with an in depth analysis and evaluation of their logistics, marketing, human resource management and international strategy. What is currently being questioned is the allowance of TMC to cross our borders and begin operations within our country. After reviewing all evidence found for and against allowing TMC to enter our nation, it was made clear that TMC provides many opportunities for economic growth and ultimately a higher standard of living. It is strongly recommended that Toyota Motor Company and all their business and operation activities be permitted and granted access to our country. Company Description: Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a multinational automaker based out of Japan. Founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, TMC has become the world largest automobile company reclaiming its title at the end of 2012, surpassing once again General Motors. Selling 9. 75 million vehicles worldwide and obtaining revenues of 8. billion in the company experienced an net revenue increase of 26% in 2012 compared to the previous fiscal year. It is expected that in 2013, revenues will continue to increase to an impressive $226. 5 billion (Mississippi Business Journal 2013). TMC headquarters are located at 1 Toyota-Cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture 471-8571, Japan and employs over 325,000 (consolidated) worldwide (Toyota Motor Corporation Global). The companies main ventures are the production and sales of motor vehicles with its main brands including Toyota, Lexus and recently added, Scion. Spanning every continent, Toyota undergo operations worldwide totaling 170 countries. At the turn of the 21st century TMC obtained the title as the largest automaker in the world. In years following, including the 2008 financial crisis, it continued to battle for this top spot with its North American based rivals GM but in recent years was able to stay strong and take a big leap ahead (The Wall Street Journal) 2013. It has also sparked global attention for being the first to mass produce hybrid (gas-electric) vehicles such as their â€Å"Prius† model, selling over 1. million (Auto123 2009), and truly pushing change in the automotive industry to become a more environmentally friendly and eco-friendly industry worldwide. Company International Strategy: Toyotas success in both the Japanese and international auto market is mainly due to its core values and constant desire to make a higher quality product. The company base their attitude on a single word: â€Å"kaizen†, whic h means â€Å"continuous improvement†. This attitude relates and is based from Japanese ideologies that no product is so good that there is no room for improvement. Kaizen† is an integrative strategy, which means a cross-functional strategy that appoints the gradual improvement, management and continuous business activities and the parameters of quality, productivity and competitiveness, with direct involvement of all staff. The need to compete with international competitors like GM and Ford forced Toyota to look for greater cost economies. The desired cost economics was achieved at the end of the 20th century when TMC strategically chose to reduce its 20 vehicle platforms down to 10. Building a wide range of models from few platforms allowed the company to dramatically allow increase the supply and availability along with the consistently of parts, supplies and finished products(Hara 2004). Regarding the global problem of pollutant emissions, Toyota spends over $8 billion annually in research and development (USA Today 2009). Exploring simultaneously a variety of solutions for designing less polluting vehicles, Toyota has committed to develop hybrid systems as a basic factor in manufacturing clean technology cars, combining different sources of power. It has made significant progress in designing engines that use alternative energy sources. One of the most promising approach is combining two different sources of energy in a single system with the potential to use both. This solution is known as hybrid technology and is the most promising way to achieve Toyota’s green machine. Company Marketing Strategy: Japanese companies tend to have a different strategy when it comes to marketing, selling, and achieving. From the beginning to the near finished products consisting of many common parts, Toyota add local product features that will meet the locals desires and needs. This was made possible by the implementation of over 65 factories located in all global regions allowing easy and simple distribution to the surrounding areas. This allows TMC to realize the many benefits of global manufacturing while reacting well to pressures for local responsiveness by being able to differentiate its product among regional markets. It is difficult to say who exactly are TMCs most important markets considering the company fully commits to each region. As mentioned previously their small platform strategy causes an interconnection of international markets making one just as important and connected to the other. Japanese companies waste less time, money, and space on marketing. People will not see many advertisements for Toyota on the television among the many vehicle advertisements marketed daily. The people in Toyota seem to worry more about the product then the marketing of that product. They believe that quality speaks for itself. This also in turn allows Toyota save a lot of money that would have been spent on advertising and utilizes that very money to improve the quality of their products. Having a marketing department that heavily promotes a product is not a bad strategy either but it seems like Toyota is more confident than many out there because of which it does not feel the need to promote. In addition, confidence is always attractive. It always draws attention and usually proves to be worth while. Toyota considers the buyer as the master while the company itself plays the role of the slave. It seems like they yearn to provide the client, customer, or buyer with the best possible service and products. In addition, everybody likes being the master. Therefore, it is natural for people to get attracted by this company and have a rather enjoyable experience purchasing one of their products. Companys Logistics Approach: Toyotas approach to logistics has been a model that underwent many years of development to become what it is today. Taking a humble approach to manufacturing methods and learning from industries other than the auto industry, Toyotas logistic model, known as the Toyota Production System (TMS), has become a homework assignment for all other automakers around the globe. To properly implement the TMS factories and plants for all operations have been implemented worldwide, consisting of over 65 factories spanning every continent. Some examples of nations with Toyota factories and plants are United States, Canada, Brazil, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Turkey, South Africa and the United Kingdom (Toyota Motor Corporation 2013). Toyota assembly plants get just-in-time (JIT) delivery of parts multiple times per day to plants within the nearby region or country (Toyota Motor Corporation 2013). One part of the solution was to use cross-docking (sometimes called â€Å"break-bulk† facilities). In this case, the cross-dock takes in deliveries of supplier parts a few times a day and reconfigure them into different mixes of products so they are shipped as mixed truckloads of the right number of parts for one to two hours of production. The cross-dock allows for efficient pickup of parts from suppliers and for JIT delivery to the assembly plant. Cross-docks are quite common in many industries, for example, in the food industry, and normally cross-docking is subcontracted out as a commodity. What is distinct about Toyota’s cross-dock is the care with which Toyota’s partner, Transfreight, manages it and the care with which Toyota took much time and effort to teach that partner to use the TPS (Inbound Logistics 2008). From Toyota’s perspective, the cross-dock is an extension of the assembly line, an evolution of the assembly-line created by Henry Ford. Company Human Resource Management Approach: Toyota’s HRM model, which is considered to have been mastered by 1994, strongly believes that human resource practices of this company can serve as a model, particularly for all manufacturing and production oriented companies worldwide. Toyota’s HRM framework broadly comprises of four goals which is described below (in no particular order) (Human Resource Executive Online 2008). Their first goal is the goal of integration throughout the corporation. The integration of employees at individual and collective level with the entire corporation is seen as the primary goal of Toyota HRM strategy. This goal has been achieved through extensive use of teams that are subordinate to organizational goals. Welfare of employees also received wide attention as a part of this goal. Secondly they focus on the goal of flexibility and adaptability. Team authority in place of single individual holding all the powers had paved way for realizing flexibility in the organization. These teams are task-based and can be dismantled or restructured, depending upon the situation. The adaptability trait is institutionalized through the approach of multi-skilling and job rotations, allowing all employs to become more productive at more than one task. The third goal they focus on is The goal of commitment. In order to achieve this goal, a two-pronged strategy was followed. Firstly, Toyota preferred to implement their plants and factories in less urban and more rural areas. They believe that people who are not contaminated by industrial culture and influences tend to retain with them a kind of feudal value of loyalty, which can be converted into organizational commitment. Secondly, measures such as suggestion schemes, quality circles and employee involvement methods are used to gain commitment. Lastly, the goal of quality. Self, peer and teams surveillance techniques are used to ensure quality of products. Toyota also believes that the combination of all 3 goals previously stated will reinforce the realization of this last goal. Summary: Toyota contains many strengths and few weaknesses when considering the allowance of TMC to begin operations within our country. Weaknesses such as a net loss in 2009 and a recall of 8 million vehicles globally that took place in 2008 through 2009 can be strongly shadowed by the strengths such as an increase in revenues of over 26% from the last fiscal year and reclaiming its position as the largest automaker in the world. Toyotas international strategy and logistics approach based on the Toyota Production System offer the possibility that the company would invest many regions of our country at a large scale which could offer employment opportunities in a large scale, improve infrastructure and technology. As a subsequent effect, this could help improve our nations standard of living and economics. Since they do not entirely focus on marketing, like many other automakers do, it should not pose any future problems with our nations current implementation of laws and guidelines within the broadcasting/telecommunication industry. Finally, after analyzing the companys human resource management model, it seems that Toyota would offer a healthy, safe and structured workplace for future employees. Their model would also improve the productivity and knowledge of our citizens which as mentioned before could help this nation economically. Conclusion: After extensively analyzing the Toyota Motor Corporation, along with their strengths, weaknesses and what they could offer our nation, I would strongly recommend that they are granted access to cross our borders and begin operations. This decision would offer many short-term and long-term benefits such as employment opportunities and an improved standard of living.

The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay Penang frequently referred to as Pearl of the Orient is one of Malaysia s most visited tourer finishs. The rich heritage and civilization of Penang is really much reflected within its beautiful edifices and landmarks. Backpacker travel has become a favourite travel form for those who are capable of going independently. However, small has done so far in the backpacking land. The motive factors for travel will so be explored in two specific attacks. First, motive is examined more closely with mention to the demands and wants to go ( the push factors ) and 2nd, in footings of the appealing properties of Penang ( the pull factors ) . Goossens ( 2000 ) stated that push motivations have been utile for explicating the desire to travel on a holiday, while pull motivations have usefully explained the pick of finish. The formations of backpacker motive leads to a better apprehension of how push and pull factors influence Penang growing as an international touristry finish. Problem statement We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Sorensen ( 2003 ) , South East Asia is the most popular part for international backpacker and that backpackers are ( future ) pillars of society. Even so, few figures document the growing of backpacker touristry, although it is estimated that backpackers account for 8 % of international tourers to Australia classs of conventional touristry statistics ( Loker-Murphy and Pearce 1995 in Sorensen, 2003 ) . However, in stead of quantitative verification, backpacker development can be seen turning with a figure of backpacker guidebooks such as Alone Planet and service substructure such as budget adjustment. Despite the fact that backpackers market in Penang can be developed into going an international backpacker touristry finish, small is known about the factors that influence tourer s trials, more specifically, backpackers determination to see Penang. Almost wherever it is feasible, authorities are actively prosecuting touristry growing in their states ( Scheyvens, 2002 ) . Governments are peculiarly interested in international touristry, believing that international touristry brings their states legion economic benefits including employment chances, concern development and foreign exchange net incomes. In footings of developing new markets in Malaysia, the focal point has been on international mass tourers. Musa and Lee ( 2008 ) suggested that touristry governments in Malaysia should happen ways to section its market and place new niche market sections so that the demands of tourers can be better satisfied. Herein, a section that has been mostly discouraged by touristry contrivers, no n merely in Malaysia, but besides in a figure of South-east Asiatic states is the backpacker section. This is supported by Ateljevic and Boorne ( 2004 ) , saying that authoritiess were frequently negative or impersonal every bit far as encouraging backpacker touristry was concerned. It has besides been hard to pull out backpackers from arrival statistics in order to gauge accurately the size and importance of this market. This probe seeks to foreground the demand for national and international research on backpackers by supplying some historical apprehension of this signifier of budget touristry and some nucleus informations on what motivates a backpacker to go. Furthermore, an scrutiny of the current literature on backpacker emphasiss that surveies tend to concentrate on the economic significance and impacts of backpacker touristry. Small systematic empirical research has been conducted to lend to an apprehension of the features, motives and behaviors of backpackers. Harmonizing to Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) comparatively small empirical research was done on the immature independent traveller or the backpacker market. Besides, surveies have tended to associate to finishs such as Australia and South Africa. To aim Penang as an international backpacker touristry finish, it is hence critical to understand the motive of backpackers, specifically on what are the factors that pushed them to go and at the same time, what factors pushed them that create their purposes in taking Penang as their favourable backpacking finish. The fundamental of their motives which draw their perceptual experience of Penang as their finish lead to their travel determination devising. And this in return contributes to the state s development. Traditionally, push motivations have been usefully explained the desire to travel on a holiday, while pull motivations have usefully explained the pick of finish ( Cook, Yale A ; Marqua, 2006:43 ) . Analyzing the push and pull factors promises a better apprehension for touristry participants to advance and market Penang as an international backpacking touristry finish. The push and pull factors provide a utile attack for analyzing the motivational factors underlying tourer a nd trial behavior ( Kim, Lee A ; Kleosky, 2003 ) and therefore, resulted in their travel finish pick. Research aims To find the push factor that motivated a backpacker to go. To find the pull factors that Penang has that motivated backpacker to go. To place the relationship between finish pick and determination devising. Research inquiries What are the push factors that influenced backpackers determination to take a finish as their travel pick? What are the pull factors of Penang that influenced backpackers determination in taking Penang as their finish? What are the relationship between finish pick and determination devising? 1.3 Variables and suggested relationship among variables Independent Variable Determinants of travel ( Push factor ) Destination property ( Pull factor ) Destination-choice Dependent Variables Decision-making Made by backpackers whether to take Penang as their backpacking finish Figure 1: Variables used in this survey Definitions of footings Backpacking touristry Defined as an drawn-out, multi-destination travel, enduring several months or old ages, and is typically undertaken by Western young persons ( Noy, 2004 ) . Backpacker Tourism Research Australia defines a backpacker as a visitant who stayed at least one dark in backpacker/hostel adjustment during travel in Australia . Backpacker is characterized by budget-conciousness and a flexible touristry manner, with most participants going entirely or in little groups ( Scheyvens, 2003 ) . Motivation Can be described as the drive force within persons that impels them to action. This driving force is produced as a consequence of an unrealized demand ( Schiffman A ; Kanuk, 2000 ) . Push factors These factors describe how persons are pushed by motives variables. In other words, push motives are related to the tourer s desire, internal or emotional facets ( Yoon A ; Uysal, 2005 ) . Pull factors Pull factors refer to those forces that influence a individual s determination about of which specific finish is selected. Pull factors may be extremely personal every bit good as more generalised ( Kim Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) . Finish attributes A uniquely complex merchandise of the touristry industry, consisting among other factors, an country s clime, substructure and superstructure, services and natural attractive forces ( Kim, 1998 ) . Decision doing Leads to the concluding pick of a travel finish which is influenced by a figure of psychological ( internal ) and non-psychological ( external ) variables ( Dellaert, Etterma A ; Lindh, 1998 ) . Destination pick Tourist s choice of a finish from a set of options which is determined by assorted motivational factors ( Hsu, Tsai and Wu, 2009 ) . Boundary lines Small sample size due to miss of work force and limited fund This restriction occurred when samples are targeted entirely at backpackers at Penang and hence, the surveies represent merely the motives of a little group of backpackers peculiarly in Penang merely. Data aggregation could non done with a large sample size as deficiency of work force to roll up informations and to administer questionnaires could non be done. As a consequence, generalisation could non be made and holistic consequence could non be achieved since the sample size is non diversified. In future, a survey possibly conducted in a larger population. Very few information on backpackers arrival in Penang every bit good as in Malaya Tourist reachings Numberss normally do non include backpacker reachings. In a statistic from the hotel tenancy rate, informations were merely gathered from hotel evaluation of one to five stars which excluded budget adjustments such as backpacker hostel and guesthouse. As a consequence of this, the exact figures of backpacker reaching in Penang could non be retrieved. Cooperation from budget adjustment proprietor seems to be hard Guesthouse proprietor sometimes do non give cooperation and they do non allow research to be done with their invitees in regard of their guest privateness. Cooperation from guesthouse proprietor is earnestly needed as targeted respondents would be backpackers and that research is conducted in the guesthouse if allowable. 1.6 Significance of survey The determination of this survey is indispensable because: It provides a agency for authorities to advance Penang as an international backpacker touristry finish. It is of import to analyze the push and pull motive factors in order to understand the demands and wants and therefore, advancing Penang consequently. Determine the best property of Penang that can pull backpackers. Acknowledge the factors that contribute to backpacker determination in taking Penang as their backpacking finish. Identify the parts of backpackers to Penang s local development. This survey is an geographic expedition that will assist academicians, practician, every bit good as determination shapers to be after effectual and efficient pattern to supply practical service quality solution toward run intoing client s satisfaction, demands and wants. 2.0 Review of related literature This chapter reviews the literature in the context of this survey. It presents the literature and information about travel motives specifically in this survey, push and pull factors which motivated backpackers to take up backpacking trip. These relationships are farther explored into how the factors influence their determination devising. The relationships between destination-choice and determination devising are farther explained below and eventually with a decision. 2.1 Motivation Motivation has been referred to as psychological or biological demands and wants, including built-in forces that arouse, direct, and incorporate a individual s behaviour and activity. This is strongly supported by Lee, Chen and Hua ( 2005 ) , saying that there must be a motive for each traveling form since it guides the activities of an single since motive maintain the activity traveling toward a certain accomplishment to predate interior bosom tracking. Different type of travellers exhibit important differences. Assorted people embark on journey for different grounds, and these experiences mean different things for them ( Uriely, Yonay A ; Simchai, 2002 ) Therefore, motive is considered to be the driving force that dominate the traveling form in order to fulfill one s desire and to increase self value. Peoples travel with different intents harmonizing to their demands and wants, and these demands and wants affect their motive to go. Correia et Al. ( 2007 ) agreed to this point and farther elaborate that people decide to go for different grounds and motivations which is perceived as forces to cut down a province of tensenesss. Determining the factors that influence people s pick of finish derived from the motive that one has. Harmonizing to Hsu et Al. ( 2009 ) , travel motive has been an of import country of survey in the touristry literature. The survey in this paper is based on the motive construct of push and pulls factors. As motive is a dynamic construct it may change from one individual to another, from one finish to another and from one decision-making procedure to the following. The push and pull factors provide a utile attack for analyzing the motives underlying tourer motive and how it influences the determination doing procedure as to whether take a peculiar finish as their backpacking finish pick. Lam A ; Hsu ( 2006 ) identifies that the underlying thought of the push and pull theoretical account is the decomposition of an person s pick of a travel finish into two forces. The first force pushes a tourist manner from place that derived from the general desire to travel and be someplace else, without stipulating where that may be. The 2nd force is of a part specific enticement that pulls a tourer towards a finish and are chiefly related to the sensed attraction of a finish ( Bansal A ; Eiselt, 2004 ) . These forces describe how persons are pushed by internal variables and how they are pulled by travel finish attributes. Lam and Hsu ( 2005 ) illustrated that the several push and pull factors of travel are due to the internal motivations of an person and the external forces of a finish. These factors guide people s attitudes and these attitudes so lead to behavioral purposes of taking a travel finish. The push motives have so been utile for explicating the desire for travel, while the pull motives were used to exemplify the existent property of a peculiar finish pick. 2.1.1 Determinants of travel as push factors Push factors have been conceptualized as motivational factors or demands that arise due to a disequilibrium or tenseness in the motivational system ( Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) and they had since became the determiners of travel. Push factors are internally generated thrusts doing tourer to seek for marks in objects, state of affairss and events that contain the promise of cut downing prevailing thrusts ( Gnoth, 1997 ) . Yoon and Uysal ( 2005 ) confirmed the old statement, lucubrating that push motives are related to tourers desire either internally or emotionally. The force of push factor pushes an single off from place and efforts to develop a general desire to go without stipulating where that may be. The basic push motives for travel among tourers are a mixture of geographic expedition, exhilaration and relaxation. Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) , nevertheless, argued that backpackers are motivated by experiential factor, unlike tourers who are more likely to be in hunt of rel axations. Backpackers in peculiar tend to underscore on points related to see seeking and are less concerned about relaxation. Push motives can be seen as the desire for flight, remainder and relaxation, freshness seeking and exhilaration. As Yoon and Uysal ( 2005 ) stated, tourers may go to get away everyday and hunt for reliable experiences. The thought that tourers may go to get away modus operandi of mundane life may presume their trip as a ground to get away from personal or interpersonal environment ( Kim, Lee and Klenosky, 2003 ) . Backpackers frequently report feelings of dissaisfaaction with their place societies and the force per unit areas of mundane life ( Maoz, 2007 ) and they by and large see travel as a signifier of flight and as a opportunity for personal growing and a hunt of significance. By get awaying their mundane environment, a individual can go forth behind the personal and/or interpersonal universe with assorted grounds, such as personal jobs, problems, troubles and failures or the day-to-day interpersonal universe ( Ross and Iso-Ahola, 1991 ) . Mansfeld ( 2002 ) explained the causal relationship between stimulations, in this instance, push factor and determination on where to travel based on an analysis of the motivational phase which reveals the manner in which people set ends for their finish pick and how these ends are so reflected in their finish pick. In a survey of motive of backpackers in South Africa, Niggel and Benson ( 2008 ) confirmed that push factor of flight was extremely important in which it ranked the 3rd most of import push. Harmonizing to Maoz ( 2007 ) , backpackers besides attempt to get away from a really mercenary, stressed and rough society to happen safety in an reliable, pure, relaxed and aboriginal finish. Complexity, freshness and diverseness are every bit good of import actuating factors in the pick of activities and finishs ( Atljenic A ; Doorne, 2004 ) . For case, the public-service corporation acquired by a determination as a consequence of its ability to elicit wonder, supply freshness and/or to fulfill a desire of cognition can be seen reflected in a sustained civilization of North American pupils desire to research Europe in a back pack travel manner during summer vacations ( Bansalt A ; Eiselt, 2004 ) . Benson ( 2008 ) stated that the demand to research and larn as wonder and the hunt for the significance of the universe as innate and cardinal thrusts proved to be most important to backpackers. Lepp A ; Gibson ( 2004 ) clarified that sing a fresh finish may be one manner of reconstructing psychological balance. Freshness seeking might be associated with an person s life style or environment features. Besides freshness seeking, backpackers primary motive for travel may every bit good be to seek experiences of escapade and genuineness. The hunt is construed non as a affair of leisure, but as a meaningful, experiential desire that may indue the person s individuality with a richer and fuller experience. As Noy ( 2004 ) discussed in his surveies, backpacker is besides be viewed as an authenticist tourer as they insist on seeking untasted and good finish. 2.1.2 Destination attributes as pull factors Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky ( 2003 ) conceptualised the facts of pull factors as associating to the characteristics, attractive forces, or properties of the finish itself. The pull factors force an single towards a finish due to specific enticement ( touchable and intangible cues ) that attract people to recognize the demands of a peculiar travel experiences ( Lam A ; Hsu, 2006 ) in which it measures the finish s ability to pull attractive forces. Each finish has its ain properties to offer from a broad scope of merchandises and services that acts as a enticement. Emotions and feelings about finish attributes likely motivate tourers to be after a trip ( Goossens, 2000 ) . Destination attributes may excite and reenforce push motives because people are pushed by motive variables into doing travel determinations. Harmonizing to Gnoth ( 1997 ) , pull factors are generated by the cognition about end properties which an person holds. The usage of the listing of finish properties harmonizing to Bansalt and Eiselt ( 2004 ) from which travel motivations are inferred act as an external force to an person and it influences where people travel, given the initial desire to go. Destination attributes could be many and differ from one finish to another and tourers were granted the chance to take from the set of finishs. The comparative importance of finish properties varies consequently to the initial motivational factors, in footings of their travel intent ( Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) . Preference sets and finish properties harmonizing to Kozak ( 2002 ) can be matched to specific psychographic profiles of tourers. For illustration, the flight relaxation backpackers may fit their finish pick with penchant for finish with night life and amusement. Mansfeld ( 2002 ) noted that it is good documented in surveies that on the travel motive of tourers that random and irrational motive can alter the full manner of measuring properties that eventually leads to destination choice. The image of a topographic point is an holistic concept which derived from attitudes towards the finishs perceived touristry properties. Backpackers do non take, but instead, the properties are possessed and backpackers use perceptual experience of properties as input factors to measure public-service corporation ( Um A ; Cromp ton, 1990 ) . Practical concerns such as increased media exposure and safer, speedier and more comfy travel may be the factors act uponing the entreaty of finishs. Ads are directed towards possible tourers trying to prise and entice these tourers out of their places at the same clip, advancing a specific finish. The utility of this construct is to pattern the intangible intrinsic desires of a tourer to travel on holiday ( Kozak, 2002 ) and to excite and reenforce built-in push motives. 2.2 Relationship between destination-choice and decision-making Most surveies of tourers travel pick reference tourers finish picks as the cardinal component in decision-making ( Dellaert, Ettemas A ; Lindh, 1998 ) . Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) emphasised that decision-making procedure of backpackers is significance for touristry market as a whole. Harmonizing to Gnoth ( 1997 ) , consumers based their determinations about finishs on the properties, installations and experiences that they anticipate. At the really root of every finish pick is the assignments of public-service corporation values to assorted parts of the finish option and these parts are so referred to as finish property. The image and attitude dimensions of a topographic point as a travel finish are likely to be critical elements in the finish pick procedure, irrespective of whether or non they are the representations of what that topographic point has to offer ( Um A ; Crompton, 1990 ) . As a cardinal component in the travel decision-making procedure, tourers determinations are complex multi-faceted determinations in which the picks for different elements are interrelated. Assorted forms of tourer flows yield consequences from a differential choice-process that derives from a assortment of tourer demands, outlooks and background ( Mansfeld, 1992 ) . The determiners of whether to take depend on their perceptual experience that in the terminal, act upon their pick. Harmonizing to Hsu, Tsai A ; Wu ( 2009 ) , finish pick can be conceptualised as a tourer s choice of a finish signifier a set of options and that choice is determined by assorted motivational factors. Therefore, finish pick is the apogee of a combination of the thrust and anticipation factors. Goossens ( 2000 ) pointed out that push and pull factors have to be incorporated in the motivational mechanism that triggers the finish pick procedure. In add-on to motive, causal factors such as the handiness of clip, economic resources and old experiences may every bit good act upon the procedure of finish pick. This reflects the demand to optimise benefits within the restraints of disposable clip and money. The destination-choice of tourers as with many other sorts of picks involves a grade of uncertainness. One can leave a more realistic importance of both rational and irrational elements that influence the determination procedure and its effects. Mansfeld ( 1992 ) explained the holiday sequence which is really much controlled by both push and pull factors, where tourer is foremost motivated by given push factors to take a holiday. Having been so motivated, the person has to do a determination whether to travel on jaunt or to remain at place. This determination is based on an appraisal of single restraints as good the predominating economic state of affairs. If the determination is to set about a trip, the remainder of the determination procedure is channeled through the phases of information assemblage, riddance of options and eventually, the existent finish pick. An analysis of motivational phase can uncover the manner people set ends for their finish pick. Destination direction could either advance properties that best lucifer tourer motives or concentrate on a different market where tourer motives and finish resources match each other. Therefore, the determiners of touristry info hunt procedure comprise the grade of assorted push and pull factors associated with the finish during the decision-making procedure. The comparative importance of motivational factors resulted from assorted forms of tourer yielded consequences from a differential pick procedure that derived from a assortment of tourer demands, outlook and backgrounds ( Mansfeld, 2002 ) . 2.3 Decision Push and pull factors should non be viewed as being wholly independent of each other, but instead as being basically related. In peculiar, internal factors drive travel while external factors attract backpackers. In make up ones minding where to travel, backpackers should take in to consideration assorted pull factors which correspond adequately to their push motives. Therefore, placing influential factors is indispensable in make up ones minding where the finish of one s travel will be. The finish pick procedure is hence related to tourers appraisals of finish properties and their sensed public-service corporation ( Kozak, 2002 ) . 3.0 The analysis of informations The intent of this chapter is to supply an apprehension of the method of aggregation and the relevant analytical issues to be addressed. It presents informations needed and informations aggregation technique, questionnaire design, trying technique and information analysis. 3.1 Data needed and the agencies to obtain informations Data needed in this survey was far making whereby it needs to fit several aims. First, it must be able to supply penetrations into understanding of travel motive ( push and pull factors ) on tourers. Second, it must be able to prove the relationships between variables utilizing the statistical agencies. Finally, the chosen research design must run into cost and clip considerations in position of types of information required and the handiness of resources. For the intent of this survey, different methods of informations aggregation have been utilised such as the assemblage of secondary informations and primary informations through questionnaires study. 3.1.1 Secondary Data Collection The aggregation of secondary informations for the survey was chiefly from published articles, studies, diaries or books relevant to the field of survey. The information include one-year studies, known published paperss from earlier surveies and relevant authorities paperss. Huge and dependable sum of electronic informations through had been easy retrieved from the cyberspace. These informations were downloaded from reputable and dependable resources to help research worker in the readying of this survey. 3.1.2 Primary Data Collection The aggregation of primary informations for this survey involves an on-site self-administered questionnaire at three different vicinities. The questionnaire consists of three subdivisions, viz. subdivision A, B and C. Section A covered demographic inquiries of backpackers sing Penang. Close-ended inquiries are used to obtain background information such as age, gender, monthly income, educational makings, matrimonial position and business position. Section B covered inquiries on push factors while Section C covered inquiries pull factors that influenced backpackers trial to Penang with a five- point likert graduated table. 3.2 Sampling Technique 3.2.1 Study population and sample size This survey will be conducted at Batu Ferringhi, and in between the territory of Chulia Street and Love Lane. These vicinities are chosen because they are located in the town country and can be accessed easy. The targeted population of the study is invitees remaining in budget adjustment, including international and domestic backpackers, who stayed in guesthouse, backpackers lodge and inn during the informations aggregation period. The targeted population of this survey involves entirely backpackers sing Penang and the survey will be conducted within a month. The population chosen will be indiscriminately selected from invitees remaining at any budget adjustment within the mentioned country. A sum of 900 questionnaires will be distributed and 300 questionnaires are to be distributed in the mentioned three vicinities which are ( one ) Batu Feringghi, ( two ) territory of Chulia Street and ( three ) Love Lane. 300 questionnaires will be distributed indiscriminately at each country, doi ng a sum of 900 questionnaires at the three cumulative countries. Out of the 300 questionnaires given at a peculiar vicinity, merely 169 will be used every bit sample as for some questionnaires may be uncomplete and hence, those questionnaires will so be excluded. 3.2.2 Sampling technique The trying method that will be used in this research is convenience trying choice ( unrestricted chance trying ) . The choice of participants for a survey is based on their propinquity to the research worker and the easiness with which research worker can entree the participants. Questionnaires were distributed at random at the three vicinities. The first 10 yearss, questionnaire a figure of 225 questionnaires are to be distributed in within the vicinity of Chulia Street. The undermentioned 10 yearss a figure of 225 questionnaires will be distributed in the vicinity of Love Lane whereas the staying 225 questionnaires will be distributed during the last 10 yearss at Batu Feringghi. Datas Analysis To place both push and pull factors that influence decision-making as stated in sub-problem one and two, informations will be analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . Descriptive statistics such as simple frequences and average evaluations will be computed on travel motives amongst backpackers going to Penang. To analyze the overall differences between degrees of socio-demographic variables in push and pull factors, a multivariate analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) process will be conducted. Is statistical analysis is found, a follow-up one manner ANOVA trial will Bonferroni multiple comparings rectification or t-tests will be later undertaken to analyze the important differences between social-demographic subgroups ( stand foring different degrees of age, business, instruction, gender and income ) on the push and pull factors. However, if important differences in one-way trials occur, Duncan s multiple scope trial will be used to analyze the beginning of differences across the respondent subgroups. Finally, to analyze the 3rd bomber job which is placing the relationship between finish pick and determination devising, Pearson s correlativity coefficients will be computed to place the grade of interrelatednesss among the two dimensions.

Educating Rita Essay Example

Educating Rita Essay Example Educating Rita Paper Educating Rita Paper Essay Topic: Literature Was this the start of a new life for a man who was not happy with his place in society? As Rita a working class hairdresser who is provoked by her sense of incompleteness, steps into Franks life. These are the two vital characters of Educating Rita written by Willy Russell who tries to explore and portray the issues of too completely different yet similar classes, the classes being working and middle class. Educating Rita a play written in the 1970s, you will also notice that this play is a two-hander, although this play is on based on the foundation of only two characters many others characters are mentioned and play a crucial role in forming the plot of this play. In this assignment I will be examining the ways in which Willy Russell tries to change the path of two characters. Also I will be analysing the ways in which the two characters have an influence on each others metamorphosis as the play proceeds. Before one can actually consider the way in which Frank is presented, or any of the characters one must take into account the languages used by both Rita and Frank. Although they speak the same language there are parts when Ritas slang is unknown to Frank this shows the great difference between the two cultures. Frank is shown as a middle-aged alcoholic; one could have jumped to the conclusion that Frank would not be in this state if he did not have any previous personal problems. Frank is also shown as an easily frustrated man for example: At the beginning of the play Rita seems to be a happy, bubbly and vibrant young lady despite the fact that she wishes to leave her background behind and aspire to be something better. At the start Rita is part of the working class but she wants to succeed in life and become part of the middle class. Yet the thing that Rita so badly desires is unwanted by Frank. Frank we find out in the first scene is an alcoholic who is terribly unhappy with being part of the middle class. Frank is bored by his background and wants to change his lifestyle. Already we have a contrast; what Rita wants, education and the capability to understand literature, Frank has but is not appreciative or happy. The first scene shows us properly the difference in culture between Frank and Rita. Willy Russell uses different modes of speaking, attitudes, clothing, and cultural references to create a number of contrasts and misunderstandings, which leads to a comical and humorous effect throughout the first scene. In the first scene there are several misunderstandings due to different interpretations of names and phrases. When the two characters first meet and Rita enters Franks office (on stage) Franks asks you are? Rita not understanding his question replies with what am I? This is due to the different vocabulary that each culture uses. A second example would be when they are discussing an author by the name if E. M Forster and Rita mispronounces the name as E. M Foster like the lager A final example would be when Frank is talking about the famous poet, Yeats and Rita thinks he is talking about the Yates wine lodge. All these misunderstandings aroused because Rita was not as educated and familiar with the authors and poets mentioned by Frank who was very familiar with them. If it wasnt Ritas lack of literature knowledge it was the difference in vocabulary, which was nothing alike. The play shows how different the cultures can be in such a small area. Both Rita and Frank live in Liverpool and yet both speak entirely different. Rita has a pronounced Liverpool accents and Frank has none. Rita uses abbreviations and a large amount of taboo and slang. E. g. I take the piss because Im not, y know confident like, Frank is unfamiliar with entrances like the one made by Rita. It is loud and abrupt and puts Frank in a little shock. Frank is not used to a person being so upfront on their first meeting. This is once again another clash in culture. People of the same culture would introduce themselves in a similar fashion but two people of a different clash wouldnt. This first meeting highlights the different cultures once again by both characters introducing themselves in their own way. After the first scene we can see that there is a culture clash between Frank and Rita. The first meeting is very crucial to the play as this is where the audience gets a true feel for the difference in cultures between the two main characters. These differences proceed throughout the first scene. Willy Russell shows this through the conversations between the characters, for example when Rita starts to discuss a painting on the wall and refers to it as erotic and the pornography of its day. Rita also asks Frank several personal questions about his marital status. This highlights the difference in cultures once more because Frank does not agree that the questions asked are suitable for a first meeting between two people, but Rita does not understand Franks preference. After the first scene we can see that there is an ironic situation developing; Rita aspires to be like Frank. She wants to be educated and know everything. She believes that once she is educated it will allow her to make her own choices and make decisions about her life and what she is going to do with. The fact that Frank does not appreciate what he has frustrates Rita because she wants it so badly. Willy Russell uses irony here to show that the play is exploring more than just culture but deeper issues, which involve the struggles of Rita and her aspirations to become more respected for being educated and Franks aspirations to escape the world of literature. Ritas journey of education is shown in the play as snapshots along the road to development. Rita starts off loud and abrupt but after her first meeting with Frank her journey begins, She starts to broaden her horizons and read a larger variety of books, she writes essays, visits new places like the theater. At this point she is becoming more educated but she is still not sure about herself. Frank invites her to a dinner party with him and several friends of his, but she does not attend the party still afraid that she is not a middle class lady yet. From here the major changes take place. Rita leaves her husband, Denny due to demand for children, which she doesnt want, and no encouragement to complete her university course. She moves in with a woman called Trish a middle class woman who is dead classy. Rita goes to summer school, changes her accent and language, changes her job to working in a bistro, makes new friends and even changes her name to try and feel more like she belongs in the middle class. Its only when Trish, her room mate tries to commit suicide that she realizes it takes more than education, books and literature to make a person happy; and that those things do not place you in society. Frank does not really change throughout the play, apart from growing closer to Rita and regretting what education has done to her. He says that he feels like Mary Shelley, the woman who created Frankenstein. Frank says to Rita You know Rita, I think that I will change my name; from now on I shall insist to upon being known as Mary Shelley Frank gets worse as the play continues, his drinking problem progresses and he eventually gets suspended from work for a year. Willy Russell uses snapshots of the Rita and Franks journey to show that there was good and bad times to their journey. He really gets across the emotional struggle and shows in the end the final outcome. In the play the main theme is difference in culture and how Rita and Frank view people of different class. Frank does not judge people off what class they belong to. We know this because the day after Rita misses the dinner party and she explains why she did not go. He explains that he didnt invite her because she would talk formally, wear the right clothes or bring the right wine but because he would of enjoyed her company. However Rita believes that the higher the class you are in, the higher you are on the social scale the happier and more respected you are. Rita feels her class is repressive. After Rita decides not to attend the dinner party with Frank she joins her family in the pub. During this short time she starts to think that it is not worth it, she starts to think that maybe she should just give up trying to become something better. Its only when her mum tells her that there is a better song to sing to the ones they sing now, when she decides to stick it out and make her life better and more pleasant. This proves my previous point that Rita believes that the higher the on the social scale you are the better they are. This is made known through the last few scenes. Rita changes immensely throughout the play. She starts off blunt and stupid, she then changes the way she is and how she acts to fit in, through the incident with Trish she reverted back to the way she used to be the same bubbly personality only difference being is that she had passed her exams and was now officially educated and finally felt like she could make wise choices; I mite go to France, me mothers, I might even have a baby, Ill make a decision, Ill chose. Rita goes through many changes throughout the play and with the help and encouragement of Frank she finally aspires to be what she wants to be. Willy Russell uses to characters, and only to characters to show an audience how people were effected by culture and class in the 1970s and the journeys made to become a person of a higher class.

Overview of the U.S. Quasi-War With France

Overview of the U.S. Quasi-War With France An undeclared war between the United States and France, the Quasi-War was the result of disagreements over treaties and Americas status as a neutral in the Wars of the French Revolution. Fought entirely at sea, the Quasi-War was largely a success for the fledgling US Navy as its vessels captured numerous French privateers and warships, while only losing one of its vessels. By late 1800, attitudes in France shifted and hostilities were concluded by the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Dates The Quasi-War was officially fought from July 7, 1798, until the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine on September 30, 1800. French privateers had been preying on American shipping for several years prior to the beginning of the conflict. Causes Principle among the causes of the Quasi-War was the signing of the Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain in 1794. Largely designed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the treaty sought to resolve outstanding issues between the United States and Great Britain some of which had roots in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that had ended the American Revolution. Among the treatys provisions was a call for British troops to depart from frontier forts in the Northwest Territory which had remained occupied when state courts in the United States interfered the repayment of debts to Great Britain. Additionally, the treaty called for the two nations to seek arbitration regarding arguments over other outstanding debts as well as the American-Canadian border. The Jay Treaty also provided the United States limited trading rights with British colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for restrictions on the American export of cotton.  Ã‚   While largely a commercial agreement, the French viewed the treaty as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with the American colonists. This feeling was enhanced by the perception that the United States was favoring Britain, despite having declared neutrality in the ongoing conflict between the two nations. Shortly after the Jay Treaty took effect, the French began seizing American ships trading with Britain and, in 1796, refused to accept the new US minister in Paris. Another contributing factor was the United States refusing to continue repaying debts accrued during the American Revolution. This action was defended with the argument that the loans had been taken from the French monarchy and not the new French First Republic. As Louis XVI had been deposed and then executed in 1793, the United States argued that the loans were effectively null and void. The XYZ Affair Tensions heightened in April 1798, when President John Adams reported to Congress on the XYZ Affair. The previous year, in an attempt to prevent war, Adams sent a delegation consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris to negotiate peace between the two nations. Upon arriving in France, the delegation was told by three French agents, referred to in reports as X (Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer), Y (Pierre Bellamy), and Z (Lucien Hauteval), that in order to speak to Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, they would have to pay a large bribe, provide a loan for the French war effort, and Adams would have to apologize for anti-French statements. Though such demands were common in European diplomacy, the Americans found them offensive and refused to comply.  Informal communications continued but failed to alter the situation as the Americans refused to pay with Pinckney exclaiming  No, no, not a sixpence! Unable to further advance their cause, Pinckney and Marshall departed France in April 1798 while Gerry followed a short time later. Active Operations Begin Announcement of the XYZ Affair unleashed a wave of anti-French sentiment across the country. Though Adams had hoped to contain the response, he was soon faced with loud calls from the Federalists for a declaration of war. Across the aisle, the  Democratic-Republicans, led by Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who had generally favored closer relations with France, were left without an effective counter-argument. Though Adams resisted calls for war, he was authorized by Congress to expand the Navy as French privateers continued to capture American merchant ships. On July 7, 1798, Congress rescinded all treaties with France and the US Navy was ordered to seek out and destroy French warships and privateers operating against American commerce. Consisting of approximately thirty ships, the US Navy began patrols along the southern coast and throughout the Caribbean. Success came quickly, with USS Delaware (20 guns) capturing the privateer La Croyable (14) off New Jersey on July 7. The War at Sea As over 300 American merchantmen had been captured by the French in the previous two years, the US Navy protected convoys and searched for the French. Over the next two years, American vessels posted an incredible record against enemy privateers and warships. During the conflict, USS Enterprise (12) captured eight privateers and liberated eleven American merchant ships, while USS Experiment (12) had similar success. On May 11, 1800, Commodore Silas Talbot, aboard USS Constitution (44), ordered his men to cut out a privateer from Puerto Plata. Led by Lt. Isaac Hull, the sailors took the ship and spiked the guns in the fort.  That October, USS Boston (32) defeated and captured the corvette Berceau (22) off Guadeloupe.  Unknown to the ships commanders, the conflict had already ended.  Due to this fact, Berceau was later returned to the French. Truxtun the Frigate USS Constellation The two most noteworthy battles of the conflict involved the 38-gun frigate USS Constellation (38). Commanded by Thomas Truxtun, Constellation sighted the 36-gun French frigate LInsurgente (40) on February 9, 1799. The French ship closed to board, but Truxtun used Constellations superior speed to maneuver away, raking LInsurgente with fire. After a brief fight, Captain M. Barreaut surrendered his ship to Truxtun. Almost a year later, on February 2, 1800, Constellation encountered the 52-gun frigate, La Vengeance. Fighting a five-hour battle at night, the French ship was pummeled but was able to escape in the darkness. The One American Loss During the entire conflict, the US Navy only lost one warship to enemy action. This was the captured privateer schooner La Croyable which had been purchased into the service and renamed USS Retaliation. Sailing with USS Montezuma (20) and USS Norfolk (18), Retaliation was ordered to patrol the West Indies. On November 20, 1798, while its consorts were away on a chase, Retaliation was overtaken by the French frigates LInsurgente and Volontaire (40). Badly outgunned, the schooners commander, Lieutenant William Bainbridge, had no choice but to surrender. After being captured, Bainbridge aided in Montezuma and Norfolks escape by convincing  the enemy that the two American ships were too powerful for the French frigates. The ship was recaptured the following June by USS Merrimack (28). Peace In late 1800, the independent operations of the US Navy and the British Royal Navy were able to force a reduction in the activities of French privateers and warships. This coupled with changing attitudes in the French revolutionary government, opened the door for renewed negotiations. This soon saw Adams dispatch William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie to France with orders to commence talks. Signed on September 30, 1800, the resulting Treaty of Mortefontaine ended hostilities between the US and France, as well as terminated all previous agreements and established trade ties between the nations. During the course of the fighting, the new US Navy captured 85 French privateers, while losing approximately 2,000 merchant vessels.

Vintage Ads of Coca-Cola Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Vintage Ads of Coca-Cola - Article Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the unique quality of the ad is the racial representation of all individuals. The sampling nature of the ad displays different aspects. Different racial backgrounds incorporate into the advert creating a feeling of acceptance by all the individuals. The ad is on a hilltop in Italy, represented by a youth singing a unity song. What makes the advert to stand out is the simplicity of the communication method; a song that unites individuals while educating the public on Coke. The ad is different from others, as it takes time before the product being advertised displays. The use of visual communication gives a unique topography, symbol, and photography. The ad provides the organization with information viewing, and television is a perfect example of visual communication. Visual communication is crucial in that it enhances the message that is being conveyed, enabling a better understanding. Visual communication in the glob al perspective and business world can be related to video conferencing, where business meetings are held without the relevant parties traveling to the designated locations. Visual communication has also been used widely in the business sector to advertise their products. The use of billboards does not require any speech, but tells the customer a lot, enabling even the hearing-impaired people to be able to get the intended message. Billboard communication is a common approach by Coca-Cola to interact and set a place in the highly competitive market. The rise of new technologies affects global communication, time and space, which are needed for the process to take place. In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the use of the telephone was common among individuals. It is important to notice the message in the song as it achieves surround the controllable variables that make up the marketing mix. The product, price, place, promotion, and people represent the ad in various aspect ratios.

Behavioralism in Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behavioralism in Comparative Politics - Essay Example As the discussion explores behavioralism is a methodological approach which helps to understand politics through concepts of natural science avoiding concepts which cannot be quantified. This approach is essential for comparative politics as it helps to analyze political processes, which cannot be discovered and analyzed by other methodological approaches such as neoliberalism or realism. This paper stresses that behavioralism was a popular methodological approach developed in 1950s-1960s in America. In comparative politics, Behavioralism is connected with: â€Å"individual attitudes, personalities, and physical activity, such as voting, criminal behavior, aggression, etc. and then generalizes to a similar group. Political scientists study political behavior, voting, for example†. In general, behavioralism examines the factors affecting imitation and notes that behaviour is more likely to be copied. Imitating or modelling as it is called, can be seen to be a very important part of the political process. Aspects of the role model's behaviour may be incorporated into behaviour patterns and style. The behavioral approach in comparative politics can be defined by approach to the logic and method of its investigation, and described as a methodology. A study by Easton â€Å"every man puts his own emphasis and thereby becomes his own behavioralist". According to Seid elman and Harpham "attempts at coming to any complete definition of behavioralism are probably futile given the diversity of those who followed its banner".

Rule of Law Essay Example for Free

Rule of Law Essay

michael jordan :: essays research papers

Michael Jordan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Jordan is married, and he and his wife Juanita have 3 kids, named Jasmine, Jeffrey and Marcus. He has been on two Olympic Gold Medal teams. Once as a college player in 1984 and the second time on Dream Team I in 1992 in Barcelona.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Jordan, is one of the two most creative dunkers of all-time, the other was Dr. J. He has won the Slam Dunk Contest Twice (1987 and 1988), then retired from the dunk competition. Michael wears a brand new pair of Air Jordans for each game, usually donating the pair after the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jordan's father, James, was killed in a robbery in 1993. This harsh event Michael's life was a large reason for him leaving the NBA. He said that basketball held no more challenges for him. He turned to Baseball for a challenge where he played in the White Sox organization. He was quick, and could play defense, but he just couldn't produce much offense. His return to basketball came on March 19, 1995 against Indiana. The Bulls retired Jordan's number 23 on November 11, 1994.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Michael returned he wore number 45, but soon returned to his normal number 23. After a slow return at the end of the 1995 season only scoring 26.9 points per game, he was back in to normal for 1995-96, winning another scoring title. He was named the MVP for the fourth time in 1996 and won his fourth NBA Championship and won his fourth NBA Finals MVP Trophy. Jordan was only the second person, the other was Willis Reed in 1970, to win the MVP for the regular season, Finals and All-Star Game. Jordan did it in 1996 after making his return and leading the Bulls to an NBA record 72 wins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jordan led his Bull's to a sixth NBA Championship in 1998, and he added a fifth MVP Trophy in 1998, after Karl Malone won it the previous year in 1997. He also beat Karl's Jazz for the championship that year. Jordan joins Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Bill Russell as the only five time winners of the MVP, Jabbar has actually won it six times. Jordan was named MVP in 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996 and in 1998. In 1996 he was also selected to be on the All-Interview team, along with Malone, Barkley, Magic and Jayson Williams. He was a repeat on the All-Interview in 1998 when everyone asked him about

Clean Edge Razor

Clean Edge Razor Haifeng Chen 1. What changes are occurring in the non-disposable razor category? Assess Paramount’s competitive position. What are the strategic life cycle challenges for Paramount’s current product as well as for Clean Edge? The rate of new-product introductions for non-disposable razors and refill cartridges had accelerated in recent years, with an unprecedented flurry of 22 new stock-keeping units being introduced between 2008 and 2009. Most of these new SKUs were line extensions targeted at the super-premium segment and promoted benefits from advances in technology.Because of the new product introductions and in order to simulate demand, total media advertising expenditures in this category had been rising faster than retail market sales, and this trend was expected to continue. And the distribution of such products has been changed for the increasing shelf space for the product category. And the consumers have changed into more sophisticated in sha ving. Paramount has two non-disposable products, which allow the company to capture the unit-volume market-leader position.About the product life cycle, providing a product with good cost x benefit but with a short life cycle for the 33% called â€Å"Maintenance users† keeping these users buying their products and interested in their brands. Otherwise, launch the Clean Edge product with a longer life cycle. Also, making this product profitable creating a fidelity from the consumer when they buy cartridges for refill. 2. How is the non-disposable razor market segmented? Examine consumer behavior for non-disposable razors. Paramount found that the intensity of involvement with the product varied significantly among consumers.There is a group of consumers that Paramount labeled as â€Å"Maintenance Shavers† who were almost completely disinterested in the product category. They treat the shaving as a chore and do it inconsistently. â€Å"Social/Emotional† shavers we re motivated by the overall shaving experience. They think that shaving is an essential part of a daily grooming ritual and also makes them feel more attractive and confident. â€Å"Aesthetic† shavers were more fancy of cosmetic result. They not only remove the unwanted hair but also want to smooth skin. The three categories have different wants and demands in a shaving behavior.We can observe that 67%(39%+28%)consumers are focusing on the premium segment. Also, they are becoming more sophisticated and expecting new technologies to smooth the shaving process. 3. What are the arguments for launching clean air as (a) a niche product; (b) a mainstream brand? Which would you recommend? What are the strategic implications of your recommendation? The argument for launching Clean Edge as a niche product is that if launching the Clean Edge as a mainstream product, the company would face a crisis that the customers of Pro products would transfer to the Clean Edge.The strategy will dil ute the brand power for the Pro so as to lead to the unwanted cannibalization. Otherwise, launching Clean Edge would complement the existing product portfolio so that expand the product line. If launching it as mainstream product, the reasons are that the consumers are becoming more sophisticated and expect more advanced technology. Positioning Clean Edge as a mainstream product will help prevent loyal Paramount customers from being wooed away to more innovative brands. My recommendation is based on the initial financial forecasts for both options and the ROI.The Exhibit 7 indicates that the total cost of launching niche first year is 1*5+4*2. 43+15+0. 61=30. 33m, the revenue is 9. 09*1+7. 35*4=38. 49m. The ROI would be 38. 49-30. 33/30. 33*100%=27%. The total cost of launching mainstream is 3. 3*4. 74+9. 9*2. 24+42+1. 71=81. 528m, the revenue is 3. 3*7. 83+9. 9*6. 22=87. 417m. The ROI would be 87. 417-81. 528/81. 528*100%=7. 2%. After calculation, I would choose to launch it as nic he product, because the ROI of niche product is much more greater than mainstream one which means we can invest less to gain more. 4.Based on your positioning strategy, what brand name and marketing budget allocations would you recommend? Based on my positioning strategy, the brand name would be more suitable for standing apart from the current lines with an emphasis on the â€Å"Clean Edge† name. because the positioning is launching a niche product which is a branch of the main brand. If the new product does not well in its sales performance, it would not hurt the main brand intensively. The other reason is that applying this sort of brand name, it would not easily cannibalize the main brand product, which is good for the existing product.Speaking of the budget allocation, I will recommend the company focus on the advertising more. Because we position the product as a niche product, the buying behavior will slightly relate to the trade promotion. The targeting group doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t really care about the trade promotion, what they really care about is that if there is a specialized product made for them. The essential part is letting them know there is something we made for them. So I think the company can reallocate the trade promotion budget on the advertising budget.

Harnessing the Science of Persuasion Article Critique/Analysis

Harnessing the Science of Persuasion Article Critique/Analysis I chose to critique the article â€Å"Harnessing the Science of Persuasion† by Robert B. Cialdini. As an undergraduate I was planning on a profession in the medical field, and I enjoy exploring how the science and business worlds correlate. In this article, Cialdini describes six scientific/psychological factors that contribute to enhancing one’s ability to increase influence on others. I interpret that pure motives are the main success factor in building influence at the underlying theme of Cialdini’s principles. I can only be as persuasive as I am sincere in my desires to know, and help others. In this paper I will overview some of the principles that Cialdini presents, and apply them to my strategy for my personal, and professional advancement. Liking/Similarity Though the conscious mind may seek diversity, there is an undeniable human behavioral trait to associate with people who are â€Å"like me†. At first glance this principle suggests that we should stick to doing business with people who look, act, believe similarly to how we do and avoid other people because we will not be successful with them. I feel that I have always had an ability to relate to people, whether it is in line at a Motley Crew concert, or in an executive meeting. I believe that humans are more similar than different. The skill is identifying common ground quickly in interactions, because everyone is in a hurry. I have attempted and will continue to apply this principal in my business interactions by showing a little personality in the first few seconds that I interact with my customers. The trick is to do this without being perceived as smug or an apathetic. I can say a quick line from a song that is stuck in my head, and say â€Å"sorry I’ll try to focus better throughout the remainder of this transaction;† or asking a detailed question about a project that the customer is working on. It is important to adjust the tone, and etiquette to the person, and situation that is presented. I have found that when the person that I joked around with comes back, they seek me out to help them more often than not. Like all of Cialdini’s principles these techniques ill only work if I am sincerely interested in the person that I’m interacting with. Humans are very skilled at detecting apathy, so if I have to fake it, it’s better to not to try. Consistency/Commitment I am a pretty witty, creative guy, as such I am fairly successful with the principle of liking/similarity as stated above. I honestly struggle with the principle of consistency. Consistency, as discussed by Cialdini, describes influencing others to firmly commit to do what you desire of them. This principle is mostly applicable in my interactions with my co-workers. I place such a high emphasis on relationships with people that I often leave the opportunity open to be taken advantage of. I have many responsibilities that go unaccomplished if I consistently do the job of a co-worker. In today’s business culture, hierarchal flowcharts are decreasing in authoritative efficacy, and behavior is influenced more strongly by persuasion skills. Getting people to buy in and commit to it because it is in the best interest of the customer, the company, and the person you are trying to convince is the goal of consistency. There are levels of commitment. A person can mentally commit, verbally commit to the issuer of the request, or publicly commit in front of peers. Each increased level of commitment results in higher likelihood that the person will keep their word. The challenge in applying this principle for me is to not come across as overbearing, or not willing to lead by example. I will apply this principle by discussing with my co-workers their desires to do a good job. I will ask those whom I direct to explain their thoughts about how we should best serve our customers, and apply their suggestions as best I can to procedural changes. I will also better describe the process from the perspective of people who work primarily inside the store, so that we can all better understand and assist each other. The success of consistency, perhaps even more so than the principle of liking, is dependent on motives. If it is perceived that you are more interested in throwing your authority around than working for the common good, resentment and non-compliance will result. I will avoid resentment by expressing sincere gratitude, and praise for a job well done. I will also show a willingness to go outside, and help when appropriate. I have read a few articles about enhancing persuasion in business, and to be honest, most of them come across as phony ways to trick people to do what you want. Cialdini certainly has some elements of convincing people that they want to do what you desire, but he introduces the idea that these techniques only really work if you have pure motives. I really like the idea that being an effective/persuasive leader starts with being an honest/authentic person.

Humanitarian Response to Darfur Crisis The WritePass Journal

Humanitarian Response to Darfur Crisis Introduction Humanitarian Response to Darfur Crisis IntroductionDarfur: Background to the crisisTheorectical Perspectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Community Response in Darfur: A failure to interveneResponsibility to ProtectConclusionRelated Introduction From time being, a massive violation and abuse of the fundamental human rights exists. In the most recent era, the advent of the last three decades experienced a shift of these violations from the trendy inter-state conflicts to all forms of internal threats. Conversely, the last one hundred years has witnessed a sizeable increase in international collaboration and solidarity. Human efforts to combat crime and engage in activities to promote human welfare and security have resulted in the conception of international organizations such as the UN and NATO.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subsequently, the 20th century has witness a massive contradiction trapped between humanity’s motivation to contest all forms of threats associated with mankind and its apparent failure to effectively activate and execute its intended actions. More than ever, serious human right breach is still experienced in today’s world. The Libya crisis which still dominates the headlines of every media is a notable example. While it evident that threats to humanity cuts across the globe, a pragmatic observation indicates that most of perpetrators of these crimes against humanity are mostly seen in the third world where dictatorship administration still exists (Thomas et al., 2002). While all sovereign states reserves the right to administer its territory, contemporary security issues might necessitate intervention by others at some point in-time for the welfare of humanity. With this in mind, several factors that make this view well contested still persist. Claiming that one can absolutely intervene in issues that threaten humanity will be approving of a subject that is not precisely limited and open to several interpretations. The concept of Responsibility to Protect challenges the states to protect not only its own people, but also, those people whose state have failed to protect. This essay particularly focuses on crises involving situations where the state has been accused of engaging in the act of genocide. A crime listed among the four crimes against humanity in the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. For a better insight, I will explore the case of Darfur and how the international community responded to it. This will enable a proper engagement with the debate on the Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention taking into consideration the sovereignty of a state. Darfur: Background to the crisis For close to a decade, the world witnessed a horrified situation similar to that of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. About 4.2 million Darfuri civilians were victim of a bloody massacre, brutal rape and a direct displacement from their immediate homes (ICRtoP, 2010). The crisis which is believed to have its roots in a long term marginalization and neglect of the Furs, the Massalit, and the Zaghawa tribes by the successive governing regime from Khartoum was aggravated by  Ã‚   Darfur’s segregation from the North-South regional peace process in 2003 (HCIDC, 2005, p:9). The clichà © state of affairs to Darfur crisis is that of the marginalized group taking up arms in opposition to the government in Khartoum which was equally and fatally countered by the Arab militia in a bloody ethnic cleansing (Brosche, 2008, p:5). Undisputedly, the perpetrators of these atrocious acts are the Sudanese government-supported Janjaweed Military Group. With no form of over-estimation, at least 400,000 people have been murdered in the statistics presented by the Humanitarian Affairs Chapter of the United Nations (ICRtoP, 2010). Although the Sudanese government has been accused of master-minding a drive of ethnic cleansing by means of an alternative armed forces, yet, the international community of states having the ability to quell the unrest in the troubled Darfur region failed to take the lead in exemplifying actions that will protect the vulnerable civilians due to contradicting interest between geopolitical concerns and a deficient political motivation (ICRtoP, 201 0). Without any prejudice, the Sudanese government blatantly overlooked the welfare of its people by failing in their Responsibility to Protect the Dafuris. In this situation, the Responsibility to Protect, though contested by different school of thoughts becomes an objective to be upheld by the international community of states if the rights and welfare of the agonized Dafuris has to be preserved. Certain theoretical perspective will possibly explain the behaviour of certain states and the international community. A general overview of realism and liberalism theory will sufficiently highlight basic opinion which has fashioned observers intuitive assumptions about humanitarian interventions (Hehir, 2010, p: 61). Theorectical Perspectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lethargic attitude and lack of political motivation of the international community to respond to the crises in Darfur invariably corroborates John Mearsheimer in his renowned and stimulating write-up titled â€Å"The False Hope of International Institution†. His argument is relatively rigid because the situation in Darfur seems to favor his opinion which forwards that a failed state does not necessitate intervention from external nations except there is a relative gain (1994, p: 12). International institutions hardly ever exert any momentous authority on states actions and as such, subject itself to criticisms (Donnelly, 2000: p 132). For example, nine main decrees coupled with 21 presidential statements have been adopted since the inception of the crises in Darfur, yet, the situation has at its best remained the same and at its worse deteriorated further (Prendergast et al, 2008, p: 2). Classical realist like Mearsheimer argues that the international community is prone to failures in its Responsibility to Protect, hence, unreliable. Neo realist on the other hand, will bother less about morals, which significantly damages the idea of humanitarian intervention. Realists like E. H Carr continuously asserts that, morality are mere initiatives of the super powers to continue to enjoy perpetual domination in every possible capacity by advocating humanitarian intervention (Hehir, 2010, p: 61). That said, the realism perspective to the crisis in Darfur possibly explains the slow response of the international community. Various states constituting the Security Council’s political interest invariably determines the effectiveness of any intervention. Though the regime in Washington was the first to label the crisis in Darfur Genocide, however, the mix of sanctions and its obvious interest to get information about Al-Qaeda from the administration in Khartoum has some implications to the concept of Responsibility to Protect. The United States constitutes a potential member of the Security Council. Thus, its political will to support Humanitarian Intervention will go a long way to ensure the success in Darfur (Brosche, 2008, p: 96). These actions have some realism in itself, in that every state should ensure its own survival. Realism as an IR theory suggest that, the well-being of a state should never be committed to any form of international covenant, and efforts of global governance through international norms should be resisted since behaviours of over-arching bodies are controlled by the interest of the super powers constituting them (Kegley, 2007: p 31). This standpoint advocates a logical agreement. If the argument by realist represents human beings as intensely flawed and naturally egocentric, then the proposal of building an ideal world is meaningless. Not in any degree can an organization be more powerful to the qualities of its constituting members. Therefore, global tranquility becomes a target outside the scope of any distinct state party.   Just as one’s personal heart desires cannot be controlled by another, so also a state fundamental ethics cannot be determined by others. Though influence can sometimes be persuasive, however, the explicit approval to give the final verdict resides within the individual states. Liberalism on the other hand advocates that international peace is possible and can be acquired through the teamwork of individual states. Though there are different variant of the liberal assumptions, however, the fundamentals of this school of thought emphasizes moral standards over the quest of power. It defines politics at the global level as contend for consensus rather than a struggle for supremacy and status. Kant’s approach of this theory tells us that â€Å"peace can be perpetual†. Therefore, conflicts are absurd and going against nature. It is a simulated contrivance and not a result of some distinguished traits of human nature (Burchill et al., 2009: p 58). For this argument, the international community must identify itself in other to abolish those institutions that make conflict probable. States must also reconstruct their political structures so that democratic control and social liberties within states can protect human privileges and facilitate healthier relations amongst states. (Kegley, 2007: p 26-27). Followers of this idea will likely agree that â€Å"every extreme abuse of human rights deserves intervention by the whole human race falling under the international community for humanitarian purposes† (Annan, 2004). Since NATO’s interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo in 1995 and 1999 respectively were considered a relative success by some, then this approach possibly explains the reactions of some commentators as regards to the crisis in Darfur and subsequently, identifies itself with the norm of humanitarian intervention (Miller, 2010, p: 150). International Community Response in Darfur: A failure to intervene The ineffective action in Rwanda makes it difficult to find who absolutely defies intervention in the twentieth century. Though several bias still exist among different commentators especially when interventions involves military actions, however, projections of success in a deteriorating instance may theoretically rationalize humanitarian intervention (Abbott, 2005, p: 15). There is a general support, if not total concurrence which substantiate humanitarian interventions whenever there exist a gross breach of human welfare. However, who takes charge of intervention and who dictates when to do so appear to be a major concern (Pattison, 2010, p: 2). The UN has been the platform from which the global affair of human rights transpires. It was the UN that first launched international models that protects the rights of individuals and groups enclosed in the UN Charter (United Nations, 1948). Consequently, the UN is usually reprimanded whenever there is a case of substantial human rights infringement. There is no better accountability for this judgment other than its recognition as the most universal entity whose objective accommodates every nation state as much as possible. The obscurity associated with humanitarian intervention generally is that, it is very expanse in scope and as such commits it to several interpretation and criticisms from one state to another and even among individuals. To clarify the unclearness in the Human Rights Documents, 18 Human Rights expert were elected to deal with such contention (OHCHR, 1996). In the final ordeal of clarification, the UN Security Council reserves the right to decide if the circumstance necessitates intervention by them or any other party.   However, implementing these laws in most cases has been quite difficult. For example, Milosevic’s prosecution process was a drama as the massacre in Bosnia was subjected to several interpretations and criticisms (PPU, 1995). In the occurrence of similar situations involving crimes against humanity, especially when a state which is meant to ensure the welfare of its citizens ridiculously turn around and becomes a major threat to its own people like that which is presently experienced in Libya, there exist a structure to be adopted titled â€Å"Procedure 1503†. This structure named after the decree of the UN Commission on Human Rights aims to address consistent patterns of gross, constant and evident contravention of all human rights reported by individuals or non-governmental groups (OHCHR, 2007). Even with existence of this structure and several others like Human Rights Committee that were primarily established to ensure that justified humanitarian interventions takes place without a self interest agenda, several disputation still prevails. It was on this note that, the UN Security Council facilitated the establishment of an authority called the â€Å"International Criminal Court† in 2002 t o deal with concerns of human rights breach prior to, or subsequently in conjunction with the Human Rights Committee, the UN and other key international bodies (CICC, 2002). Despite the opposition faced by this court at it conception by three strong members of the security council namely, the US, Russia and China, the birth of this institute brought about commendable results within it capacity. As regards to the fundamental Human Rights, this institute generated some vital agreements which are enclosed in the ICC fact sheet 1 to administer a positive intention channelled towards protecting, upholding and promotion of human welfare (AI, 2004). Evidently, the UN as the most represented platform within the international community has in various capacity demonstrated that there is an objective of human security to be achieved by prioritizing humanitarian welfare. However, one factor peculiar to the UN is the practice of an odd habit of â€Å"barking without biting†. This attitude has been needlessly prevalent that belligerents no longer regard the regulations of the international community as plausible (Brosche, 2008, p: 103). For example, the sanction authorized against the government of Sudan under the 1591 Resolution of the Security Council was greatly undermined, thus, confirming Khartoum’s conviction that the Security Council is deficient of a strong political determination in the event of a mass killing (Prendergast et al, 2008, p: 6). If I would give my opinion on this toothless bite attitude exemplified by the international community, it will be that of a disappointment. Allowing these tolls of death and then prosecuting the perpetrators several years later is not good enough, preventing crimes against humanity by pre-emption or prompt intervention is not too much. Just like the case of Rwanda, the Darfur crisis was quite speculative. Several NGO’s like Amnesty International, Medecins Sans Frontieres and the International Crisis Group signalled the world concerning the up-rising catastrophe in Darfur sometimes in February, 2003 (AI, 2003, p:1). As most pessimists would have envisage, the dawdling stimulus of the international community and a misplaced priority to conclude the North-South peace agreement in Sudan defiled every necessary pre-emptive action that would have prevented the bloodsheds (HCIDC, 2005, p: 17). Though the Security Council adopted Resolution 1556 of Chapter V11 of the UN Charter which demanded the Sudanese government to disarm the Janjaweed Militia and prosecute its leaders accordingly. Regrettably, the lack of enforcement mechanism coupled with de-motivated political will pointed out the shortcomings of every party that represents the international community (Prendergast et al, 2008, p: 4). Sadly, several years afte r the fatal misery was set in motion, the crises in Darfur still remains a failure of the international community who failed to enforce every strategic steps channelled towards promoting human security in a state that calls for emergency. The discourse of humanitarian intervention invariably summons a R2P. Declaring that the international community has the right to intervene in the affairs of another state is such a huge claim to make (Barnett, 2003, p: 174). However, for the sake of humanity, the international community reserves an ethical motive to preserve and protect the right of the vulnerable through pre-emption and intervention in failed states. Responsibility to Protect The inability of the international community to act proactively in response to the diversified occurrences of mass contravention of human rights witnessed in the post Cold War, and more exclusively in the 1990’s, incited Kofi Annan who was the UN Secretary General to summon the states to come to a resolution regarding the issue of state sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. This action was triggered after the 1999 NATO’s intervention in Kosovo. The supporting argument that drives the objective of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty set up by the Canadian Government was that of a R2P. It forwards that, in an event of a state failure to cater for the wellbeing of its people, the international community automatically assumes the R2P in all necessary capacity without necessarily seeking the consent of the host state (Hehir, 2010, p: 249). The definition of sovereignty as outlined in the UN Charter makes it clear that every states reserves a constrained   and a regulated right and therefore, entitled to a code of non-interference in it internal matters by external bodies (ICISS, 2001, p:10). However, the ICISS report modified sovereignty from control to sovereignty as responsibility in both domestic and foreign affairs. The term R2P presents this perspective of sovereignty like a new innovation. However, obvious discretion in the past has been in place to curtail state sovereignty which sometimes allows extension into neighbouring states that has portrayed vulnerability to avert their province from being utilised as a breed of terrorist and cross border raids (ICISS, 2001, p:12). To mention just a few is the UN as a whole, the Geneva Conventions, and the Security Council. These bodies have illustrated several actions which limit the sovereignty of a state such as outright sanctions and infrequent interventions e.g. the War in Korea in the early 1950’s.   That said, it can be suggested that the ICISS modified version of sovereignty is basically, placing a name on an idea that has pragmatically existed and at the same time impelling force of strength since the late 1940’s. This ‘new’ idea of sovereignty as drawn by the ICISS smoothens out the R2P. Emphasis is placed on the commitment to shield those whose states have failed to protect rather than the responsibility to intervene. In this context, the sole R2P resides within the state. However, the forthcoming rationale in question suggest intervention for the sake of humanity and supports the involvement of military capabilities in deteriorating circumstances, especially when major wreck is targeted towards the civilians and the host state is considered as unwilling, incapacitated or the main perpetrator of the harm itself (ICISS, 2001, p:16). Just like we see in Darfur, the R2P was not readily assumed by the international community. While it was clear that human security was at stake in Darfur, the Security Council was not disposed to adopt military capabilities. Instead of authorizing the intervention with all necessary means as stated in the ICISS document, the Security Council further contradict the norms of the R2P by indicating to function with the terms of the Sudanese Government (Hehir, 2010, p: 249). However, this does not imply that the international community has lost all of its authority or become impaired. Perhaps, it is quite disappointing that the situation in the Darfur region received much awareness; yet, the international community response remains arguably futile (Hehir, 2010, p: 255). While the USA and the UK invoked a bill of legitimacy by invading Iraq and Afghanistan, they have consequently undermined their standings as norms carriers by avoiding their R2P the Darfuris. (Bellamy, 2005, p: 32). Eviden tly, the situation in Darfur reveals clearly, conflicting national interest with political motivation. Even if benevolence was the hallmark of every intervention, the crisis in Darfur suggests that there is no certification that states will act accordingly. Conclusion One big lesson to learnt from the last century is that massive violations of human rights is likely to re-occur except there is a mechanism is put in place to prevent its occurrence. Humanitarian intervention has some controversial stance; hence human security remains difficult to deal with. Not uncontested, the R2P seems like a better solution if objectively employed. However, a shift in the cultural norms of the political chiefs will do a lot of good to the concept. States need to accept limitation on their sovereignty and also to intervene prospectively without exhibiting any form of self interest. Achieving a clear humanitarian objective is more than a mere aspiration. It is essentially crucial and eventually rewarding. Just like the case of Rwanda, the civilians in Darfur deserved protection and could only rely on a third party aid. Promising affirmative statements needs to be put into action to prevent further damage to humanity. Judging from the situation in Darfur, it doesnâ €™t seem that the international community has a proper mechanism to combat humanitarian calamity. And just like the shocking Genocide in Rwanda a couple of years back, the people of Darfur found themselves in another atmosphere of disaster confirming that nothing can be done, except there is a political motivation impelling for it.