1-7 Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1-7 Topics - Essay Example Exchange interest for cash. This is where individuals hold cash to buy merchandise and enterprises. This is the most well-known type of cash request as every single individual on the planet request cash to pay for administrations and merchandise for utilization. Interest for cash displays a negative relationship with the ostensible financing costs. As the financing costs builds decline, the interest for cash increments. At the point when the ostensible loan fee diminishes, the outcome is less alluring bonds (Langdana, 34). In the event that an individual gets a lower financing cost on the speculation, he is bound to exchange those ventures for hard money. Rising genuine wages and expanding quantities of individuals utilized will build the interest for cash at each financing cost. The exchange interest for cash is decidedly identified with expansion and salary. An expansion in a person’s salary rises or as the costs expands, he will hold more cash that will empower him do his every day exchanges. Financial strategy in controlling the swelling in the economy, I would suggest that the national bank brings down the loaning rates, typically to an objective of around 2-3%. Monetarists stressed on keeping the development pace of cash consistently and utilizing money related strategy swelling. They picked easing back the ascent in the cash stock, and expanding financing costs. The following suggestion is to modify the genuine compensation. Increment in expansion makes get pay ascend to counterbalance swelling. Anyway their genuine compensation stay steady and henceforth the buying power isn't lost as long as the ostensible pay rise keep up and compensation doesn't fall. Financial arrangement is the procedure by which the Central Bank of a nation controls cash gracefully that objectives the loan costs to improve monetary soundness and development. Instruments of money related arrangement include: Save necessities this is where the money related authority applies administrative power over banks.

Efficiency Increasing System by Using Preheating Method Essay

Effectiveness INCREASING SYSTEM BY USING PREHEATING METHOD Strategy The idea of expanding the eco-friendliness of a petroleum motor in this venture, is to pre-heat the admission air which is coursing through the carburetor. The mugginess in the barometrical air influences the petroleum vapourisation in the carburettor. In this manner, by pre-warming the gulf air to the carburettor for a significant sum, the vapourisation can be ease and thus complete ignition is accomplished. Besides by decreasing the water fume to the motor, the steam arrangement in the motor can be diminished pitting of the motor chamber, cylinder and fumes pipe. Reference: http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-effectiveness expanding framework by-utilizing preheating-method#ixzz2elrJlavP Most of the vehicles in today’s showcase give a limit of 30 to 40 miles for every gallon and cross breed vehicles giving upto 50 miles for every gallon. The productivity of Internal Combustion Engines utilized for this reason for existing is extremely low, about 25%. The warmth produced during the ignition of fuel is changed over into work to drive the vehicle is squandered to the climate, as against freeze(Ethylene Glycol) is utilized to cool the motor and circled through a radiator which moves the warmth to the environment. The warmth produced by ignition of fuel, for example, gas or diesel is changed over into the work as a result of the weight made by the burning procedure. In this development, the warmth is recuperated by pre-warming/pressurizing the natural air utilized for the procedure of ignition. The temperature of the pre-warmed natural air utilized for burning is expanded to over 1400 degrees Fahrenheit by going through a warmth exchanger to recuperate heat from ignitable gases. Outside air for ignition is warmed to around 1400 degrees Fahrenheit. As per Thermodynamic Laws, by warming the air in a shut space with steady volume at room temperature to 1600 degrees F., the weight is expanded going to 50 psi. So as to have a higher weight, the outside air is first packed upto 100 psi before going through a warmth exchanger. This will give the accessible working weight of around 350 psi previously

The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance

The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 06, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that elevated arousal levels can improve performance up to a certain point. Learn more about how this works and why sometimes a little bit of stress can actually help you perform your best.?? The Relationship Between Arousal and Performance Have you ever noticed that you perform better when you are just a little bit nervous? For example, you might do better at an athletic event if you are excited about participating or do better on an exam if you are somewhat anxious about your score. In psychology, this relationship between arousal levels and performance is known as the Yerkes-Dodson Law. What impact can this have on our behavior and performance? How Does the Yerkes-Dodson Law Work? The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes. The law was first described in 1908 by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson.?? They discovered that mild electrical shocks could be used to motivate rats to complete a maze, but when the electrical shocks became too strong, the rats would scurry around in random directions to escape. The experiment demonstrated that increasing stress and arousal levels could help focus motivation and attention on the task at hand, but only up to a certain point. The anxiety you experience before an exam is one example of how the Yerkes-Dodson Law operates. An optimal level of stress?? can help you focus on the test and remember the information that you studied; too much test anxiety can impair your ability to concentrate and make it more difficult to remember the correct answers. Athletic performance offers another great example of the Yerkes-Dodson Law. When a player is poised to make an important move, like making a basket during a basketball game, an ideal level of arousal can sharpen his performance and enable him to make the shot. When a player gets too stressed out, he might instead choke and miss the shot. Observations So, how do you determine what arousal levels are ideal? The key thing to remember is that this can vary from one task to the next.??? Research has found,?? for example, that performance levels decrease earlier for complex tasks than for simple tasks even with the same levels of arousal. What does this mean exactly? If you are performing a relatively simple task, you are capable of dealing with a much larger range of arousal levels. Household tasks such as doing laundry or loading the dishwasher are less likely to be affected by either very low or very high arousal levels. If you were doing a much more complex task, such as working on a paper for a class or memorize difficult information, your performance would be much more heavily influenced by low and high arousal levels. If your arousal levels are too low, you might find yourself drifting off or even falling asleep before you can even get started on the assignment. Arousal levels that are too high could be just as problematic, making it difficult to concentrate on the information long enough to complete the task. Too much and too little arousal can also have an effect on different types of athletic performance tasks. While a basketball player or baseball player might need to control excessive arousal in order to concentrate on successfully performing complex throws or pitches, a track sprinter might rely on high arousal levels to motivate peak performance. In such cases, the type of task and complexity of the task play a role in determining the optimal levels of arousal.

The Effects Of Global Warming On The World - 1333 Words

Ever since the Earth was made approximately four and a half billion years ago, the formation of fossil fuels from decayed plants and animals have been a burden upon the planet. Coal, for example, was the first fossil fuel to become the main energy source in the United States to replace the low-energy firewood during the second half of the nineteenth century. Although coal was beneficial for the industrial age of the United States, it had its drawbacks. These drawbacks included the emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrous Oxide, Sulfur Oxide, Particulate Matter, and Volatile Organic Compounds. With the significant increase of fossil fuel emissions in the atmosphere, the Earth started to experience an increase in global temperature due to the Greenhouse Effect. As countries around the world shifted from pre-industrial to transitional to post-industrial phases, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels increased by an unthinkable amount. Greenh ouse gases negatively impact the world environment because it can cause smog pollution, acid deposition, water contamination, habitat destruction, and the loss of biodiversity. As of today, fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas continue to negatively impact the world environment and its ecosystems. However, world governments have started to shift away from the regular use of nonrenewable energy sources to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal. As theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1235 Words   |  5 PagesThey may not be feeling the effects of global warming at the moment, but in time it will become a more widespread issue. The effects of global warming are hard to refute, and there is endless evidence of this growing problem in our world today. The continuation of global warming is a serious threat to everyone and everything on Earth. Global warming has been a problem for over a hundred years, and it continues to grow every day. The first evidence of global warming was discovered in 1859 by JohnRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World868 Words   |  4 PagesDisputed Global Warming Affects Global Warming is in the minds of critical thinkers and scientist as well as the Industrial World. In this paper, we will look at man-made causes of Global Warming, and natural causes in Global Warming Affects. The man- made cause would be (GHC) which abbreviates to greenhouse gases and the chemical (SO2) represents sulfur dioxide from cars and Industry. The natural cause in the climate would direct more to a cooler climate. The Global Warming remains,augmented thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1025 Words   |  5 PagesJacob Keirns Persuasive Paper Miss Beverly March 22, 2016 Global Warming â€Å"Some men aren t looking for anything logical, like money. They can t be bought, bullied, reasoned or negotiated with. Some men just want to watch the world burn.† -Christopher Nolan The late nineteenth century was a time of immense discovery, particularly in the world of science. First theorized in the 1890s, the idea of global warming has been around for just over 100 years, despite it’s relatively recent gain in tractionRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1575 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has become a major issue in the world today. Not only are humans being affected, but many species and organisms are as well. Naturally, the Earth experiences heating and cooling cycles, and has over time. The ice age is a great example of a cooling cycle that was rather extreme. Since the industrial revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases has increased and built up in the atmosphere over time (Weart, 2015). The climate changes are being caused by the heat that is trapped in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1267 Words   |  6 Pages Over the course of the years global warming has become a threatening issue that scientists and the government have been cognizant about. Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. The earth periodically warms up and cools down. The Earth is currently going through a warming trend that coincides with the industrial revolution. ThisRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Greenhouse Gasses Global Warming has been devastating the earth and economy for the last twenty-five years. Greenhouse gasses developed from the production of chemicals such as R-22, oil, and factories have destroyed ozone and ecosystems for the last hundred years. Carbon dioxide is produced naturally and absorbed by plants and animals, but, too much, and it is deadly. With the increase in automobiles and production, the world government has begun to address the issue of greenhouseRead MoreEffects Of Global Warming On The World Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesDiseases, war, etc... Those are major concerns of this world, and climate change is always a hot issue given to debate. It s not just a matter of a single country, but it’s a problem of the whole human race. Humanity is facing the risk of extinction. The impact of environmental pollution leads to climate change and natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. Those disasters are caused by the impact of humans to nature, such as deforestation, ecological imbalance, and use of chemicalsRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The World1036 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of Global warming is; a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Global warming is a very big issue that is slowly affecting the whole world. Climate change has been studied since the early 1970’s, and scientist of many different fields are agreeing that global warming’s effects are increasing at a rapid pace. Global Warming was notRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesThe world has many years existing in this galaxy and every day we see that is changing more and more but not in a very good way that it can end in the extinction of the planet earth. â€Å"Earth Hasn’t Heated Up This Fast Since the Dinosau rs’ End† (Lavelle). Carbon is growing so fast in the atmosphere faster than in the past 66 million years since the dinosaurs went extinct (Lavelle). All the presidents hold a position of power that could change this big problem that the planet is having, behind thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1823 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal warming is called by some as a threat to all people on all nations while others disregard it as another publicity stunt by the media. Research tends to indicate that humans have caused most of the past century s warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modern lives. The result is global warming with the weather patterns shifting and glaciers melting, the world we know today is slowly dissipating as these changes bring about dramatic consequences for all on the planet including

Movie Reviews on The Great Composers Mozart

Mozart was born in 1756 and died at the age of 35. This film is both enveloping and enlightening as it gives the story of his life. In order to ensure an exact chronological reconstruction, the film has been written and directed masterfully. The main actors and actresses give rousing performances that captivate the audience. Charles Hazlewood, who is the conductor and admired composer, gives the film an enlightening and insightful aspect (Branagh, 1990). Story begins with Leopold, Mozart’s father with whom Mozart regularly carried out correspondence. Mozart’s secrets were well known by his father. The voice of the music can also be clearly heard from the background. The grand piano works in this film are part of the music which is a key to unlocking Mozart’s emotions. It is this key that helps us to comprehend the emotions that are the origin beautiful sounds ever heard in the world. The first phase of Mozart’s life was that of a genius who began to redraft the rules of music though working within the borders that were brought about by his time. Mozart was gifted both as a music writer and singer (Branagh, 1990). Another phase of Mozart’s life is also depicted.   He thought like an adult who was well aware of the principles and standards of the Enlightment period. He spoke most European languages and was remarkably well read. Mozart was also a freemason and an Austrian Catholic. But above all these, he was a composer who had resolved to succeed in an area seen as rewarding and most complex – Opera. He believed he had strong powers to do so. The language of orchestral and influential writing was well mastered by Mozart especially when nearing the end of his life. An amazing burst of ingenuity was provoked by both loss and love. His creativity is clearly visible in his last three works of symphonies written in six weeks. These are numbers 39, 40 and 41(Branagh, 1990). REFERENCE Branagh, K.   (1990). Beginning: Retrieved December 7, 2010 from http://hubpages.com/hub/The-Great-Composers-Mozart-A-Movie-Review

Mass Media On Children s Lives - 1478 Words

Mass Media in Our Children’s Lives What is more important than children? Children define the very notion of innocence in the world, untouched or soiled by the cruelty and brutality of their soon-to-be-inherited society. †¨Generation after generation is brought up and raised through this ruthless and heartless world, struggling to remain pure and preserve their blamelessness. The race to maintain our children’s innocence, however, is now being blatantly surpassed by a new kind of competitor: one never to have been seen before—the media. In modern American society, media plays a vital role in children’s lives that is having damaging effects on them as they mature into our country’s future adults. As a child grows and moves through†¦show more content†¦However, as adolescents grow, and family generally becomes less important to them in their lives and in their decision making processes, thus being replaced by other influences of socializ ation such as friends, media, and popular image (Schaefer 86). Through this slow withdrawal of family prominence in adolescents’ lives, and the evident rise of other determining socializers, the question becomes: what is the substituting primary agent of socialization in these developing children and their lives? Sadly, the answer is the media. Across the United States, youth are exposed in massive amounts to media influence and the dangers that it beholds. For instance, teenagers in the U.S. spend an average of seven hours on media every single day: four hours of which are on television, and two hours spent listening to music or other audio (Johnson). Through these long hours of exposure, media relentlessly extinguishes kids’ positive thinking patterns, replacing them with its own corrupt and immoral techniques which were merely made to create heavier media users and further the media’s moneymaking scheme. Over the course of children’s contact with the t elevision, the average American child sees approximately 20,000 commercials every year (Schaefer 152). Each advertisement, proposing a new idea or product that suggests

Interest Policies Insurance Industry

Question: Discuss about the case study Interest Policies for Insurance Industry. Answer: Introduction A Conflict of interest is a situation in which a person or organisation is involved in multiple interest, financial interest, or otherwise, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation of an individual or organisation. Black's Law Dictionary also describes conflict of interest as being in connection with "public officials and fiduciaries and their relationship to matters of private interest or gain to them" in situations where regard for one duty tends to lead to disregard of another. The term "private interest" would mean any tangible benefit accruing directly to the one with a conflict of interest, or indirectly through associates, related organizations, friends, or family members. Tangible benefits can include, for example, direct financial rewards, improved employment, social positioning, public recognition, advocacy and publicity, business referrals, or political influence. It is a policy that any insurance broker who has the license to operate as a broker is obliged to manage, avoid and disclose situations of conflicts of interest within the organisation. There are many a number of situations where the conflict of interest may arise and some of these situations may arise where the broker: Acts under a binding arrangement Is reliant on an insurer(s) for commission as their sole or principle method of income Has representatives whose income is solely derived from or contingent upon commission or volume business Has arrangement in place for premium funding Zurich Insurance Group Ltd is an insurance-based financial services provider.Founded in 1872 - and in Canada since 1923 - Zurich has a global network of subsidiaries and offices in North America, UK, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and other markets. Zurich's 60,000 employees serve customers in more than 170 countries. In Canada, they focus on developing unique solutions for Large Canadian Corporations, Canadian based multinationals, Canadian business in manufacturing, real estate, technology, public sector and constructions and groups and associations in niche markets. Zurich knowledge of U.S. and international insurance and their close working relationship with Zurich colleagues around the world enables them to provide borderless insurance solutions to meet customers needs, regardless of their location. In Canada, they conduct business exclusively through a network of independent insurance brokers. The FSA has set out high-level requirements in respect of conflicts of interest for insurance brokers. There is the need to identify conflicts of interest in the organization so that it is tackled effectively and it is imperative on the managers, employees and all appointed representatives to help in the identification of the conflict of interest which may occur between them and the and their clients or one client of the firm and another client on the other hand. Other aspects of the potential source of conflicts of interest have been indicated above but the four main possible sources or the most significant conflicts of interest are indicated below: The first significant point is where the firm or the employee of the firm is likely to main any financial gain, or avoid a financial loss, at the expense of the client in this case the firm or employee is not supposed to make any financial gain or even avoid any financial loss at the expense of the client. For further understanding of this issue which may lead to conflicts of interest, an example of such situation is where there are maximum commission rates that the regulator has advised that insurance companies pay to brokerage firms lets say a commission of 15% is paid to a broker (eg KEK Insurance Brokers) for a motor comprehensive business. The broker as per its duties seeks competitive quotations from selected insurance companies, (competitive quotation here means that the rates are good and equally the insurance company has the ability and capabilities to pay claims when they fall due) and when these quotations are received, the broker is supposed to make known all the rates to the client and then advise them as to which one is best in terms of rates and then ability and capability to pay claims when they fall due but at the point where the broker conceals the rates of other insurance companies and then forwards that of a particular insurance company because the broker knows that it is going to gain much more commission over and above when other insurance companies give, for example 18% in the case of motor insurance businesses, at this stage, the broker has gained financially at the expense of the client who could have gotten better and competitive terms from other insurance companies who were not even approached by the broker. There are also certain situations which also indicates that the broker is likely to make financial gain at the expense of the client and this is where the firm or the employee receives inducements in the form of money, fuel coupons from other insurance companies so that they place the business with such companies even though they are not competitive. The second most significant conflict of interest is when the firm or employee have an interest in the outcome to the client or of a transaction carried out on their behalf, distinct from the clients interest in that outcome. In this case, instead of the brokerage firm or the employee having the interest of the client at heart in the discussion of premium computation and especially in situations where there are claims. For example, the client has made a claim for damage to his/her vehicle and per the duties of the broker, they are supposed to follow up on all repair estimates and make sure that the vehicle is either repaired or when it is a total loss case, the client is properly compensated but because the employee has interest in the outcome or the transaction, it wouldnt give the best advice to the client, example lets say a claim has been made and an estimate forwarded to the insurer, the claim is not in respect of a total loss and the client is not even asking for a total loss bu t because the employee wants the vehicle, they persuade the client to push for total loss and talks to the insurer to issue discharge for total loss even though the clients interest in not for it to be declared total loss. The employee then after the client has finally agreed for total loss and signed the discharge, the employee will then contact the insurance company for it. Thirdly, another form of conflicts of interest is when the employee or firm have a financial interest or other incentive to favor the interest of another client over the interest of the client. Analysis Of How Each Of These Four Conflicts Of Interest Is Mitigated Zurich should maintain and operate effective organizational and administrative arrangements with a view to taking all reasonable steps to prevent conflicts of interest from giving rise to a material risk of damage to the interests of the clients. Zurich should keep and regularly update a record of the kinds of service carried out by or on behalf of that firm in which a conflict of interest has arisen Zurich should have an effective conflicts of interest policy in writing appropriate to the size and complexity of their business. Zurich must take all the reasonable steps to identify conflicts of interest. Recommendations to change business practice to improve the identification of mitigation of conflicts of interest. Zurich insurance broker as an international firm, it is very important that you continue to operate as transparently as possible. I believe you need to have more understanding of your business operation. By understanding how you operate and how you view the conflicts of interest policy will definitely help your organisation. The conflict of interest could be best avoided if different stakeholders in the organization can work together to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Zurich insurance is a large organization that has various internal and external stakeholders. The conflict could be best avoided within the organization only when the management can understand the expectations of different stakeholders in the organization. The expectations of the stakeholders could be well understood with the regular communication with them. Therefore. It is important that the organization and the management should arrange for various formal and informal meetings with stakeholders. I would also recommend counselling your staff and stress the importance of how to identify and orally provide information on conflicts of interest. This should then tie back into written confirmation. Within the procedural manuals write a principle statement on how Zurich brokers will deal with conflicts of interest situations. In the organization compliance meetings, put a permanent item on the agenda to ensure the compliance officer and responsible managers are constantly monitoring the situation. According to the FSAs guideline practice for conflicts of interest are as follows: Firms should always be willing to change business practice or exit a particular activity if the conflict risk cannot be satisfactorily mitigated. Firms must have a conflict architecture that is able to deliver the mitigation resulting from the review process. Best practices includes:- Clear, documented policy on conflicts identification and management governing general business conduct and procedures for managing conflicts where they arise. Ownership of conflict resides with business line management, who are responsible for identifying and managing the risk, supported by legal, compliance and other control functions. Conflicts clearance processes for routine day to day transactions. Clear arrangements for dealing with significant or sensitive transactions that may affect the reputation or financial stability of the firm with the appropriate escalation process. Explicit consideration of conflict risk in both the new business take-on process and decision making at a transactional level. Good recording of decisions and actions. Senior management must lead in ensuring the integrity of the management of conflicts of interest. To do this, the senior management needs to be sufficiently independent of the day-to-day transactions and conduct of business where conflicts may arise. Use of appropriate management information The culture of the firm must be support effective management of conflicts of interest. Conclusion A better understanding of the nature of conflicts of interest and the clearer and fairer formulation of rules can support greater confidence in the Insurance industry. With robust conflict of interest policies in place, organisations can continue to carry out their respective activities not in wary confrontation but in beneficial cooperation with the representatives of industry. It is important that the conflict should be taken as a positive thing within the organization. It appears that the primary conflict among the employees in the organization is with respect to the processes. Some of managers and employees of the organization do not like the existing processes and therefore they do not provide adequate support to the new managers. Therefore, it is important that the leaders and the management of the team should work on the process standardization. The process standardization cannot happen in a day or two. The management must establish a culture where the organization can minimiz e the people dependency and establish the defined processes. It is also important that the processes should be implemented effectively within the organization. The management should take a top-down approach to implement the processes and to develop a platform where conflicts could be avoided and any conflict could be taken in a positive manner. References https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Clo-Con/Conflict-of-Interest.html#ixzz416qt1kzq (2015) Advanced Insurance Broking 930 textbook by Chartered Insurance Institute. https://www.revisionmate.com Zurich.com

Forces affecting the gaming industry free essay sample

Legal and Regulatory – what legal or regulatory trends or changes coming that will impact IT/gaming sectors Video game regulations that look to reduce representation of filth, pornography, violence, sex and perversion in video games. This would have a huge impact on the industry especially on the producers of title such as GTA, COD, and many ohers. Proposed ban on violent video games in public spaces. This would seek to ban arcade style games , mainly shooting games,in places such as movie theatres, bowling allies, etc. But would also ban certain console games available for play in stores. This would impact revenue and sales in the industry. Economic – ditto Gaming population is aging, because of this gamers on avergae have more money to spend on video games and consoles. Technology is getting cheaper, consoles as well as computer parts are more affordable than ever. Technological – ditto – What are new technology trends or changes are coming down the pike that might impact us? Oculus rift, which is a virtual reality headset for 3D gaming. We will write a custom essay sample on Forces affecting the gaming industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Razers Project Christine. Modular, mix and match design allows anyone to easily upgrade their computer. This means the average user wouldnt have to buy a whole new computer or spend money extra money having their computer upgraded. Competition The big 3 have always been sony, microsoft, and nintendo. But recently with the release of 4th gen consoles, many players of the xbox 360 have moved to the playstation 4. Online gaming is becoming increasingly popular, more and more players are switching to computers as computer games offer stellar modding, adjustments, more titles available. Social forces/changes the gaming population is getting older. The average player is 34 and the average age of game purchasers is 40. Expansion in social gaming means players are drawn to games with which they can play with friends/other players ultimately making the games more fun and engaging. Global Gaming consoles are becoming more available in countries around the world. Mobile gaming has exploded, especially on phones, now pretty much everyone who has a smart phone is using them to play games. PART II Based on these forces, what is your plan to keep yourself marketable and stay ahead of them. Stay up to date with technology and gaming news through friends, shows, conferences, expos, online forums, etc.

Police Civil Service Commission essays

Police Civil Service Commission essays At the Police Civil Service Commission there were three commissioners, along with the police chief, lieutenants and other officials. It is normally about 11 people in total, but this one was a little different with about 10-12 students and a reporter for the Bakersfield Californian. The three commissioners, Steve Anderson, Ken Vetter and William Perry are each elected to a three year term by the city council. During there term the will each participate as head-commissioner for one year. The meeting is started by the head-commissioner calling it to order and he states the time as well. Then roll is called by each member saying his or her name and title. Then the approval for the minutes of the last meeting is presented. After that, the head-commissioner opens the floor up to any public statements. At recent meetings, there hasnt been much public attendance, so not that much is said during that time. The next item on the agenda is the new business. First, any special orders are taken care of, such as appointments, promotions, retirements, etc. Next, all the new items are taken care of. At this particular meeting, the first was specifications for the new crime analyst job. Mrs. Valenzuela of Human Resources gave the commissioners the specs on the new job for review. After looking over it, one of the commissioners motioned for it and another seconded it. That is pretty much the procedure for all items put in front of the commissioners, in order for it to go through, it must be motioned and seconded. During the meeting, a certification of Police Detective/Lieutenant Eligibility List is presented to the commissioners for review. Once the list, of usually 10 or so people, is approved, the police chief is able to select whom he wants for the job out of the top three candidates. But this can only be done if the commissioners approve the list. At this particular meeting, there were no conflicts because everything put in front of ...

Antimicrobial Agents in Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Antimicrobial Agents in Microbiology - Essay Example Usually sterilization is attained through physical agents such as heat, radiation, etc.; however, few chemical agents are also employed to destroy spores. These are known as sterilants. Disinfection involves the utilization of a chemical agent usually referred as disinfectant or a physical process to demolish vegetative pathogens except bacterial endospores. These disinfectants are also mostly employed to kill microbes on the surface of inanimate objects as the concentrations employed to disinfect surfaces are very high and might be toxic to animal tissues. Disinfection processes also eliminate the destructive productions of microorganisms such as toxins from the surfaces. Examples include 5% bleach solution, immersion of thermometers in iodine solution and boiled food utensils (Talaro & Talaro, 1999, p. 358). Sepsis can be defined as the growth and development of microorganisms in living tissues such as blood. The asepsis thus refers to any particular practice that helps in preventing an infectious agent from entering into sterile tissues and cause infection. The commonly employed aseptic techniques include sterilization methodologies that help in the exclusion of all microorganisms to antisepsis. Moreover antiseptics are chemical compounds that can be directly applied to skin surface as well as on mucous membranes, surgical incisions, and wounds to inhibit or destroy vegetative pathogens. Examples include the preparation of skin with iodine compounds before surgical incisions and utilization of a germicidal soap for washing hand. Decontamination involves limiting the microbial organisms to minimum to prevent spoilage and infection. These techniques are utilized in breweries, restaurants, food industries and dairies such as cleansing utensils with a sanitizer (either detergent or soap). Air sanitization is done in hospitals, laboratory installation and veterinary clinics using ultraviolet lamps (Shimeld & Rodgers, 1999, pp.77-79). Parasites either

Business Law Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Case Brief - Essay Example Karen Howsam had a right to choose the arbitrator. Karen Howsam decided to forward the case to the national association of security dealers for arbitration. NASD’S codes of the allowed arbitration procedure stipulate that no dispute is eligible for submission once there is a lapse of six years. The plaintiff, Dean Witter Reynolds, filed a complaint to the federal district court asking the court to declare the case ineligible. Dean Witter further asked the court to block the defendant Karen Howsam from filing for arbitration. He cited the lapsed six years as a basis for the illegibility. On the appeal of the case, the court of appeal looked into the district court ruling that they had no right to interpret and apply the existing NASD rule. The court of appeal for the tenth circuit reversed the district court rule. It stated that the case had abitrability concept, and the court had a right to rule on the time limit provision. They held that the arbitrator had to apply the time limit rule in the underlying dispute. According to Henry (2009), the arbitrator may decide on cases that are substantive in their nature while the court rules on cases that are procedural. The court ordinarily may rule on the question of abitrability. Justice Stephen G Beyer delivered the ruling based on the opinion of various judges. The judges agreed that the NASD rule on the time limit was a matter to be decided on by the arbitrator presumptively. The issue did not raise a question of abitrability that could call for resolving by the judiciary. NASD’s time limit rule falls within a class of the gateway procedural disputes that do not present abitrability. The question of abitrability can only be ruled by the judiciary unless the parties have a provision stating clearly otherwise. It has a limited scope and, can only be applicable in few circumstances where the contracting party’s would have

Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy

Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy Introduction The use of sports markets to explore questions of economic interest has a long history as the majority of this literature analyses US sports, notably American football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is also a considerable interest in soccer, the leading world sport (For example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships). Over the past two decades there has been increased competition among cities, regions and countries to host mega sporting events Therefore Government and other proponents of major sporting events usually seek to back up their claims of the event providing an economic boost by commissioning an economic impact statement. For example, Economic Research Associates (1984) study of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers (1992) study of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marwicks (1993) study of the Sydney Olympics. Hosting a sport event has revealed a number of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some reasons like increasing community visibility, positive psychic income, and enhancing community image are all common and acceptable postulations. Economic impact in sporting events can be defined as the net change in an economy resulting from a sport event and the change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber and Alton, 1983)which in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. In study of economic impact Expenditures can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For example direct expenditure is the investment needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams so considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. There are following reasons to conduct economic impact studies of sport events and Firstly, because many sport events in our communities were financed by public tax support, economic impact studies continue to be an important public relations tool for city government. Secondly, there is doubt that sporting events may actually help develop a community in relative to its economy therefore, accurate estimates should be proposed and the results should be reported to community members and Thirdly, as sport is not just an entertainment but an industry so the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic results of sport events may be an important method to determine communities draft budget for the coming year so as an example in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will bring enormous economic benefits to the host city not just dur ing the event, but for years afterward. The scale of the organization, facilities and infrastructure required for such a huge undertaking are such that the Games cannot but have substantial economic effects (Sydney 2000 Games, p 2) but what exactly are these economic effects, and how do they affect the quality of life of local residents? The relevance of studies for example, it seems logical that a less developed country will have more to gain from long term growth opportunities. Matheson and Baade (2003) argue, however, that the prospects of mega-sporting events are even worse for developing countries and the opportunity costs of providing state of the art facilities are much higher and lack of modern infrastructure requires significant additional investment. This report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. Moreover, the data from the past economic impact studies were used to produce an economic impact forecasting model designed to predict the economic impact attributable to an event prior to it taking place. This Research have been developed by undertaking wider evaluations of some of the events, for example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships. Beyond the economic impact generated by an event, these wider evaluations have also examined the public profile achieved by the events and looked in particular at the media value associated with television coverage and place marketing effects linked to such coverage. This Report also provides additional analysis which helps to put IPL event into context by: Outlining the generic economic benefits and return on investment to a countrys economy of hosting a major event such as IPL. Profiling IPL and comparing it to other similar international events in respect of the key elements underpinning economic impact. Identifying regional factors and drivers that may affect the economic impact of IPL in different regions Outlining the possible contribution to a Host Nations Government via taxation, as a result of hosting IPL, investment and cost associated with IPL. Literature Review on Economic Impact Studies Precursor The aim of this literature review is to understand direct and indirect impact of major sports events on economy and understand how major sports can open new dimension in economy. This has been done through referring various journals, articles and magazines; also a survey has been carried out as part of primary research to analyze impact of major sports event on Economy; however validation of data collected is subject to sources and prevailing conditions. Final phase of this study on IPL covers analysis of contribution of IPL to Indian economy, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economy to grow and attracts domestic and foreign investors. This phase also covers SWOT analysis of IPL, reasons critical to success of IPL and future ahead. Statement of Purpose Previously many research studies have contributed to understand economic impact of sport and/or recreational events; however most studies are based upon the researchers personal perception and arguable methodology. The purpose of this study was to review previous economic impact studies and to construct framework for conducting an economic impact study. This entire theoretical framework has been tested by analyzing a case study of economic Impact of mega sports events like Indian Premier League on Indian economy. Literature Review To study Economic impact of sports is challenging topic in the field of management fields because estimating the economic impact of sporting events and make some constructive statement is very difficult and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of social science, ideas and methodology vary from person to person for conducting economic impact studies. The main barrier behind conducting social science research is based on the level of competitiveness and belief in understanding of the material. and also social objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific investigation, and countless sociologists believe they are talking about the object of study when they are merely relaying the discourse which, in sport as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its officials, supporters or journalists (Bourdieu, 1999). Therefore, construction of truly scientific objects implies a break with common representation s, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of study so this report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. This consolidated piece of research builds on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premise that major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area but economic impact is now one of the parameters upon which an events success is measured. Major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area, Countries, who host the mega sports event, should make a roadmap for significant investments in sports venues and other infrastructure. It is generally assumed that the scale of such event and roadmap of the preparation for it will create large and long lasting economic benefits to the host country. This would result in huge economic benefits that would have significant economic impact. However unfortunately these studies are constructed around misapplications of economic theoretical framework that virtually guarantee their projections will be large. Ex-post studies have consistently showed no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. For example, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up huge investments in infrastructure and facility recreation to a new level. Th e opportunity for long term economic benefits from the mega sports event like Beijing, critically depend on how well mega sports events related investments in venues and infrastructure can be incorporated into the overall economy in the years following the Games In current scenario economic impact studies have become standard operating procedure for supporters of public funding for sports events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the government and public due to their prevalence with no critical evaluation. Due to the huge investment involve in such high profile mega sports events, large and positive Economic effects are taken as given; the studies confirm what is already believed. The promise of worldwide exposure and economic gain has made hosting these major and regularly scheduled sporting affairs a lucrative goal for aspiring cities around the world (Short 2000, p. 320). Hosting a mega sport event like Olympic, has exhibited a number of large and long lasting benefits in our communities like enhancing community image, increasing community visibility and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable postulations. However, sport is not just limited to an entertainment, also it act as full fledge industry, the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Positive or negative economic results of sport events may be a critical factor to determine communities draft budget for the coming year. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games require large sums of public money to be spent on venues and infrastructure improvements. Economic impact studies are often commissioned In order to justify the use of large sum of public money towards invariably large inflows of money that will have a long-term positive effect on the economy by such means as job creation and visitor spending. Scale of the mega sports event which attract large amounts of money from outside a local economy, are forecasted to have economic impacts in the billions of dollars The simple elegance of economic impact studies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economy to create a multiplier effect, has an alluring something for-nothing quality that is hard to refute. However to justify a counter argument can be difficult due to numerous mistakes made in economic impact studies. Critics have focused on numerous subjective areas like: 1) using multipliers that are too large, 2) treating costs as benefits, 3) ignoring opportunity costs and 4) using gross spending instead of net changes. In hosting mega sports event the major part of investment required on constructing stadiums, which to a large degree is spent on hiring construction workers and purchasing materials from local suppliers, is counted as a benefit to the local economy. However It is backward looking and the most egregious error in economic impact studies, which looks on production cost benefit of the project and ignores the effect of the actual consumption of the products on economy. Ex-post studies, however, have consistently found no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. In a study of the impact of Super Bowls on local economies, Philip Porter (1999) found no measurable impact on spending associated with the event. The projected spending and spill over benefits of regional impact models ever materialize (Porter 1999, p. 61) Porters explanation is that capacity constraints in the hotel industry cause room prices to increase with no change in occupancy rates. Higher rates contribute to the crowding out of regular traffic and net spending in areas other than hotel rooms changes little or not at all. Longer term sports programs, usually involving stadium subsidies to attract or keep professional teams, have also failed to deliver on projected economic benefits. Even for cities that usually are considered success stories for sports development strategy, such as Baltimore (Hamilton and Kahn 1997) and Indianapolis (Rosentraub 1994), empirical research does not find evidence of statistically or economically significant positive impacts. Sports economists, on the other hand, have found economic impact studies lacking both in theory and practice. Ex-post studies have consistently failed to find evidence of any economic benefits related to sports teams and facilities. In examining recent retrospective studies, Coates and Humphreys (2003, p. 6) concluded building new sports facilities and attracting new professional sports teams did not raise income per capita or total employment in any US city. A closer look at the methodology of such studies reveals an appealing but fundamentally flawed line of economic reasoning that virtually guarantees a forecast of large economic benefits. The term economic impact analysis refers to rigorous surveys, research, and modeling to estimate the direct and indirect economic effects of an entity or event on the local, county, state, or U.S. economy, as measured by employment, tax revenue, income, or gross product (overall economic output). The impact of an economic event is the summation of direct effects and indirect effects. For example, when a hundred dollars is invested in building a new library in a city, that money (the stimulus) flows through the local economy multiple times as construction supplies are purchased, and as construction workers spend their paychecks at local supermarkets, restaurants, and other retailers, who in turn buy more inventory, and so on. That is, an initial stimulus triggers a chain of spending. This chain of spending is estimated via multipliers. The term economic impact used in isolation can be interpreted in different ways in both the short term and long term. Therefore, in order to be clear what is meant in the context of the sixteen events reviewed in this report, UK Sport has adopted the following definition within its major events strategy: The net economic change in a host community that results from spending attributed to a sports event or facility. Turco Kelsey (1992) The change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber Alton, 1983). These in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. Specifically, the economic impacts of expenditure are composed of direct, indirect, and induced effects. Direct effects are the purchases needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). The initial construction of a $10 million sports facility provides an initial impact of $10 million on the local economy. This is the direct impact. Clearly, the construction of the facility will require concrete, steel, co nstruction workers, and so forth. The money spent on these materials and services comprises the indirect expenditures, or the indirect impacts. (Hefner 1990, pp. 4-5) In high level terms economic impact studies aim to measure the increased economic activity surrounding an event. For sporting events, the key stimulants of activity are the expenditure of spectators, event organisers and other stakeholders, which flow through the local economy to expand total regional and national GDP. The diagram below illustrates the principal components of economic impact. There are three broad areas in which impact will occur, as follows: Core impacts primarily comprising expenditure by, or generated from, international spectators attending sports events from tickets and match day catering; Other direct impacts comprising spending by spectators and other visitors on accommodation, food and beverage, transport and other spending, as well as investment in infrastructure; and Indirect and induced impacts relating to the ripple effect as the direct spending is recycled through the economy. The primary components are indirect impacts, achieved largely by businesses spending on suppliers, and induced impacts, as recipients reinvest money in the economy themselves. In addition, there is also significant expenditure by domestic residents. Domestic spending comprises an important element of the full value of sports event to a Host Nation. Economic impact is based on the theory that a dollar flowing into an economy, that otherwise would not have been spent, is a benefit to the economy. Economic impact studies not only measure economic impact, but are also used to provide information in the decision to publicly fund sports venues or sports commissions/authorities, or to measure the success of events hosted in a local community in generating positive economic outcomes for both the event owners and the locale. Economic impact analysis measures new spending in a local economy due to the presence of, for example, a facility or an event. The change in the economy is measured in terms of total new spending, fiscal impact (total new taxes collected), personal income generated, and jobs created, both directly and indirectly. By increasing the new money in an economy, the economic benefit is serving a greater good by increasing government tax revenue, augmenting business income, and ultimately resulting in more jobs and higher personal income for residents of that economy. In developing the model there are specific regional factors and drivers that will have an influence on the economic impact The diagram below illustrates the key components in determining the potential economic impact : Event Economic Effects/Impacts (Pre-event Post-event phases) Economic growth (GDP) and impact Targeted growth in economic relevant sectors Direct and indirect employment created Direct, indirect and induced impacts (Multipliers Analysis) Economic-social Net Present Value Touristy flows (visitors economy) Olympic legacy (stadia infra-structures) Globalization (Global branding exposure) Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams. Considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. Sports Economics methodology is sound and defensible, and we are qualified to and capable of affirming our results to any audience necessary The benefit in economic terms to a host economy is defined according to the additional expenditure by visitors to that economy which is directly attributable to the staging of the event. These visitors can come from elsewhere in the same country or from overseas. If the visitors come from elsewhere in the same country, any economic impact is actually a redistribution of money around that countrys economy and is not necessarily new money to the economy. Visitors from overseas actually provide new money in the form of invisible exports and potentially a net export effect on overall GDP. One might argue that the quality of economic impact can be gauged according to the net export effect associated with an event, namely the extent of any new money brought into the UK economy from overseas visitors (and other sources) as a result of staging an event. However, this may be of little concern to local organisers who do not care whether any additional expenditure is attributable to someone fro m for example the USA or elsewhere in the UK, hence redistribution is not an issue. The main point of note is that only some people are eligible for inclusion in the economic impact calculations i.e. visitors to the host city or area specifically as a result of an event being staged. The remainder live locally and their expenditure would have been made regardless of a specific event taking place, hence such expenditure is termed deadweight and not eligible for inclusion in the calculations. Obtaining a value for the initial impact of a team or event is the first step in any economic impact study. The initial impact is then magnified through the use of a multiplier, based on the idea that money brought into a local economy will be respent over and over, becoming income for others in the economy. In this way a multiplier also magnifies the errors made in calculating initial impact, especially by once again failing to recognize opportunity costs. The multiplier is applied to any new spending in the economy regardless of the source. If the multiplier does not depend on the spending source, then it is useless in the comparison of alternative projects. The multiplier effect accounts for the overall economic impact of a sport event. The multiplier effect demonstrates the process through which initial spending in a region generates further rounds of re-spending within the region. The ripping process of subsequent re-spending is the multiplier effect. The basic principle of the multiplier effect begins with an initial spending as an increased income into an economy. A portion of the increased income is spent and further re-spent within the region (Archer, 1984; Crompton, 1995; Wang, 1997). In summary, there are three elements that contribute to the total impact of visitor spending: Direct impact (the first-round effect of visitor spending), Indirect impact (the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial visitors dollars), and Induced impact, which is further ripple effects caused by employees of impacted business spending some of their salaries and wages in other business in the host community (Howard Crompton, 1995). A variety of multiplier used modeling techniques are available: TEIM (Travel Economic Impact Model), RIMS (Regional Input-output Modeling System) (Donnelly, Vaske, DeRuiter, Loomis, 1998; Wang, 1997), TDSM (Tourism Development Simulation Model) (Donnelly, et al., 1998), RIMS II (Regional Input-output Modeling System, version II) (Wang, 1997), ROI (measuring financial Return On Investment) (Turco Navarro, 1993), and IMPLAN (Impact Analysis for Planning) (Bushnell Hyle, 1985; Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Donnelly, et al., 1998; Howard Crompton, 1995; and Wang, 1997). Of those modeling techniques, IMPLAN is one of popular methods. The IMPLAN model was developed by the U.S. Forest Service and Engineer Economics Associates, Inc. The IMPLAN develops input-output models for all states and counties in the United States. This model was used to estimate the employment, income, and net sales and adopted as the regional impact analysis program-of-choice. Another often-used model is RIMS, whi ch was developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This model also offers input-output tables down to the country level (Turco Kelsey, 1992). Also, a lot of simple formulas were developed to conduct economic impact study of sport events by local sport commission companies. In addition to the standard projections of economic impact, Olympic studies also include longer term benefits sometimes referred to as the Olympic Legacy. These legacy effects, derived from positive publicity from the Games, include increased tourism after the Games, attraction of business, and infrastructure investments that improve the urban environment. Legacy impacts are generally not incorporated into the economic impact numbers, but rather offered as an additional, unquantifiable benefit. The lack of any ex post study that finds improvements in economic growth or living standards due to mega events should cast some suspicion on the legacy effects of Olympics, or at least the ability of such effects to be transformed into real economic benefits to the local economy. Baade and Matheson (2002) found the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state change (p. 28). Empirical Analyses of Economic Impact Statements It is one thing to point out bias that could potentially be introduced in impact studies. It is another thing altogether to examine whether actual economic impact studies are, in practice, truly flawed. One tool that can be used to determine the accuracy of economic impact studies is ex post comparisons of predicted economic gains to actual economic performance of cities hosting sporting events. Empirical studies have been conducted on the observed economic impacts of large sporting events as well as on the construction of new sport facilities. On the sport facility side, numerous researchers have examined the relationship between new facilities and economic growth in metropolitan areas (Baade Dye, 1990; Rosentraub, 1994; Baade, 1996; Noll Zimbalist, 1997; Coates Humphreys, 1999). In every case, independent analysis of economic impacts made by newly built stadiums and arenas has uniformly found no statistically significant positive correlation between sport facility construction and economic development (Siegfried Zimbalist, 2000). This stands in stark contrast to the claims of teams and leagues, who assert that the large economic benefits of professional franchises merit considerable public expenditures on stadiums and arenas. On the events side, nearly every national or international sporting event elicits claims of huge benefits accruing to the host city. For example, the National Football League typically claims an economic impact from the Super Bowl of around $400 million (National Football League, 1999), Major League Baseball attaches a $75 million benefit to the All-Star Game (Selig et al., 1999), and the NCAA Final Four in Mens Basketball is estimated to generate from $30 million to $110 million (Mensheha, 1998; Anderson, 2001). Multi-day events such as the Olympics or soccer World Cup produce even larger figures. The pre-Olympics estimates for Atlantas Games in 1996 suggested the event would generate $5.1 billion in direct and indirect economic activity and 77,000 new jobs in Georgia (Humphreys Plummer, 1995). In many cases, variation in the estimates of benefits alone raises questions about the validity of studies. A series of economic impact studies of the NBA All-Star game produced numbers ranging from a $3 million windfall for the 1992 game in Orlando to a $35 million bonanza for the game three years earlier in Houston (Houck, 2000). The ten-fold disparity in the estimated impact of the event in different years serves to illustrate the ad hoc nature of these studies. Similarly, ahead of the 1997 NCAA Womens Basketball Final Four, an economic impact of $7 million was estimated for the local economy in Cincinnati, while the same event two years later was predicted to produce a $32 million impact on the San Jose economy (Knight Ridder News Service, 1999). Such increases cannot be explained by changes in general price levels or growth in the popularity of the tournament. Instead, they are explained by the fact that economic impact studies are highly subjective and vulnerable to significant error as well as manipulation. In further cases, the size of an estimate can strain credulity. The Sports Management Research Institute estimated the direct economic benefit of the U. S. Open tennis tournament in Flushing Meadows, NY, to be $420 million for the tri-state area, more than any other sporting or entertainment event in any city in the United States; this sum represents 3% of the total annual direct economic impact of tourism for New York (United States Tennis Association, 2001). It is simply impossible to believe that 1 in 30 tourists to New York City in any given year are visiting the city solely to attend the U. S. Open. Similarly, the projected $6 billion impact of a proposed World Cup in South Africa in 2006 would suggest that soccer games and their ancillary activities would represent over 4% of the entire gross domestic product of the country in that year (South Africa Football Association, 2000). As in the case of sports facilities, independent work on the economic impact of mega-sporting events has routinely found the effect of these events on host communities to be either insignificant or an order of magnitude less than the figures espoused by the sports promoters. In a study of six Super Bowls dating back to 1979, Porter (1999) found no increase in taxable sales in the host community compared to previous years without the game. Similarly, Baade and Matheson (2000) found that hosting the Super Bowl was associated with an increase in employment in host cities of 537 jobs, for a total impact of approximately $32 million, less than one-tenth the figure trumpeted by the NFL. In a study of 25 Major League Baseball all-star games held between 1973 and 1997, Baade and Matheson (2001) found that, in the case of three all-star games in California (1987, 1989, 1992), the events were correlated with worse-than-expected employment growth in host cities and were furthermore associated w ith an average reduction in taxable sales of nearly $30 million. Finally, Baade and Mathesons examination (1999) of the Olympic Games held in Los Angeles in 1984 and Atlanta in 1996 found total observed increases in economic activity of $100 million and of $440 million to $1.7 billion, respectively. While the range of the economic impact for Atlanta exhibits a great deal of uncertainty, even the most favorable figure is only one-third of the amount claimed by the host committee. Tax impact With its large economic footprint, long duration and significant international visitor numbers, mega sports event delivers substantial tax revenues to a Host Nations government. This section outlines the potential types of tax revenue that can accrue to a sport event host government and an indication of the possible levels of such tax revenue. In summary, the tax revenues to the government of the Host Nation include: Sales t

The Yellow Wall Paper :: Literary Analysis, Gilman, Abcarian, Klotz

The Yellow Wall Paper â€Å"The Yellow Wall Paper† is the story about a journey of a woman who is suffering from a nervous breakdown, descending into madness through her â€Å"rest cure† treatment. Basically, the woman is not allowed to read, write or to see her new-born baby. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the essence of this journey into madness by using the first person narration. The story plot’s is by taking the reader through the horrors of one woman’s neurosis to make strong statements about the oppression faced by women in their marriage roles. The narrator’s mental condition is characterized by her meeting with the wallpaper in her room. In addition to the story’s plot, the use of symbolism and irony throughout her story also show how males dominate during her time. From â€Å"Literature: The Human Experience† written by Abcarian and Klotz, â€Å"Irony is figurative language in which the intended meaning differs from the literal meaning† (1615). There is more than one level of irony at work in this story. Dramatic irony occurs when a reader or audience know things a character does not and, consequently, sees things differently (Abcarian & Klotz 1615). Gilman uses dramatic irony when the narrator states, â€Å"I’m feeling so much better† (Gilman 1005) as if the narrator believe that she is normal, but when she states â€Å"I think that woman gets out in the daytime! And I’ll tell you why-privately- I’ve seen her!† (Gilman 1006), the reader knows that she is actually going in sane. It is dramatic irony because the reader‘s understanding of the narrator’s speeches is different markedly from the narrator’s. Through this dramatic irony, Gilman has let the reader knows how complete seclusion can only add to the desolation and push people to the verge of insanity. The order of â€Å"rest cure† treatment may symbolize her husband’s love towards her, but ironically it makes her condition worse. This plot symbolizes how women were oppressed and dominated by their husbands and they had no place for self expression. When the narrator states, â€Å"I can see her out of my windows! I see her in that long shaded lane, creeping up and down. I see her in those dark grape arbors, creeping all around the garden† (Gilman 1006). The reader knows there is no actual woman trapped behind the wallpaper; in fact this is a hallucination that seems to be caused by forced isolation as part of her treatment.

Dental Cavities And Water Fluoridation Health And Social Care Essay

Fluoridation of H2O is the controlled add-on of fluoride to a public H2O supply to cut down tooth decay. Fluoridated H2O has fluoride at a degree that is effectual for forestalling pits, this can happen of course or by adding fluoride. This pattern occurs chiefly in English-speaking states, as Continental Europe does non fluoridize public H2O supplies. Fluoridated H2O operates on tooth surfaces: in the oral cavity it creates low degrees of fluoride in spit, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralises and increases the rate at which it demineralises in the early phases of pits. A fluoridated compound is added to imbibing H2O, a procedure that in the United States costs an norm of about $ 0.94 per person-year. Bottled H2O typically has unknown fluoride degrees, and some domestic H2O filters take some or all fluoride. Dental pits remain a major public wellness concern in most industrialised states, impacting a bigger per centum of schoolchildren and the huge bulk of grownups. Water fluoridization prevents pits in both kids and grownups, with surveies gauging about 30 per centum decrease in pits when H2O fluoridization is used by kids who already have entree to toothpaste and other beginnings of fluoride. Water fluoridization can do dental fluorosis, which can change the visual aspect of developing dentitions. These are normally non considered to be of aesthetic or public-health concern. Fluoride ‘s effects depend on the entire day-to-day consumption of fluoride from all beginnings. Drinking H2O is typically the largest beginning ; other methods of fluoride therapy include fluoridization of toothpaste, salt, and milk. Water fluoridization, when executable and culturally acceptable, has significant advantages for subgroups at high hazard. The U.S. Centres for Disease Control listed H2O fluoridization as one of the 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. In contrast to most European states, who experienced significant diminutions in tooth decay without its usage due to the debut of fluoride toothpaste in the seventiess. Fluoridation may be more justified in the U.S. because of socio-economic inequalities in dental wellness and dental attention. The end of H2O fluoridization is to forestall a chronic disease whose jobs peculiarly fall on kids and on the hapless. The usage of H2O fluoridization creates a struggle between the common good and single rights. Health and dental organisations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectivity. Its usage began in 1945, following surveies of kids in a part where higher degrees of fluoride take topographic point of course in the H2O. Research workers discovered that moderate fluoridization prevents tooth decay and as of 2004 about 400 million people worldwide received fluoridated H2O. Fluoridation besides prevents tooth decay by seting the concentration of fluoride in public H2O supplies. Tooth decay is one of the most prevailing chronic diseases worldwide. Even though it is seldomly dangerous, tooth decay can do ; hurting and impair feeding, speech production, facial visual aspect, and credence into society, it greatly affects the quality of life of kids, peculiarly those of low socio-economic position. Fluoridation does non impact the visual aspect, gustatory sensation, or odor of imbibing H2O. Normally it is made by adding one of three compounds to the H2O: Na fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or Na fluorosilicate. Sodium fluoride ( NaF ) was the first compound used and is the mention criterion. It is a white, odourless pulverization ; the crystalline signifier is preferred if physical handling is used, as it minimizes dust. Fluorosilicic acid ( H2SiF6 ) is an cheap liquid byproduct of phosphate fertiliser industry. It contains so much H2O, transportation can be expensive Sodium fluorosilicate ( Na2SiF6 ) is a really all right crystal that is easier to transport than fluorosilicic acid. Among the chief benefits of fluoridization are: Community H2O fluoridization is an effectual, safe, and cheap manner to forestall tooth decay. This method of fluoride bringing benefits of all ages and despite socioeconomic position. Brushing twice a twenty-four hours with a fluoride toothpaste is an easy manner to forestall tooth decay. Fluoridation, which was started in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1945, has been used successfully in the United States for more than 50 old ages. Fluoride plants by change by reversaling the decay procedure. It keeps tooth enamel strong and solid.A Community H2O fluoridization is considered one of 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. Of the 50 largest metropoliss in the United States, 42 have community H2O fluoridization. Fluoridation reaches 69 per centum of the population on public H2O supplies this is more than 184 million people.A Communities with fluoridated imbibing H2O in the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand show dramatic decreases in tooth decay-those with fluoridated imbibing systems have less percent tooth decay. About all tooth decay can be prevented when fluoridization is combined with dental sealers and other fluoride merchandises, such as toothpaste.A Fluoride dietetic addendums can supply fluoride to those who do non hold equal degrees in their imbibing H2O. They are available as tablets, beads, or lozenges. Over-the-counter fluoride dental merchandises such as toothpastes and oral cavity rinses are effectual in forestalling decay. Merchandises with high concentrations of fluoride that are applied in the dental office or prescribed for place usage offer extra protection for those at increased hazard of tooth decay.A Fluoride will go on to be of import for forestalling tooth decay in this age group. Older Americans are particularly susceptible to tooth decay because of open root surfaces and oral cavity waterlessness that may ensue from many medicines. The hazards of fluoridization Fluoride was foremost added to H2O supplies in Grand Rapids, in 1945 to forestall tooth decay. The pattern has had some controversial with some claiming it does small to forestall tooth decay and is unsafe for wellness. Most tooth doctors and public wellness functionaries province that it significantly lowers the rates of tooth decay and presents no of import wellness hazards. A bigger per centum of United States population drinks fluoridated H2O. But on contrary when towns and metropoliss across the state hold elector referenda on fluoridization, its usage has been rejected about half the clip. The long-running argument over fluoride usage and exposure was the topic of a citizens ‘ conference held at St. Lawrence University, on July 28-30. Most research workers report on fluoride did non measure the safety or benefits of H2O fluoridization. But did address specifically the current maximal degree of natural fluoride EPA allows in imbibing H2O and concluded nem con that fluoride at that concentration harms dentitions and castanetss. A life-time of fluoride consumption in countries where the H2O is fluoridated at approximately 1 ppm can alter the quality of dentin and bone and may increase break rates for both. Kidney patients and diabetics are at particular menace from fluoridated H2O because they tend to imbibe more liquid than healthy persons. Bottle-fed babies are besides at particular hazard if expression is assorted with fluoridated H2O. Peoples drink widely different sums of fluoridated H2O and other beginnings of exposure vary as in U.S persons are having immensely different doses of fluoride. Fluoride at degrees found in imbibing H2O affects encephalon map in grownups the research workers report indicates that the receptor cells in the encephalon can change in response to toxins and fluoride. Fluoride impairs the encephalon ‘s ability to transport out signalling maps, with the effect that messages that are passed along the many tracts that are likely to be uncomplete. It does this by interrupting the creative activity and dislocation of neurofilaments in the axons of nerve cells. It besides interferes with both primary and secondary signalling in the nervous system. Fluoride may besides increase the figure of plaques and tangles in the encephalons of grownups, which could lend to dementia. These surveies were done by Isaacson utilizing rats, chronic exposure to sodium fluoride or aluminum fluoride in imbibing H2O, where by it led to plaques and tangles in the rats ‘ encephalons that are similar to the abnormalcies found in Alzheimer ‘s patients. It appears furthermore that exposure to fluoride in the uterus and throughout early life lowers intelligence. The Epidemiologic surveies suggest that fluoridization of imbibing H2O decreases the figure of kids at the really bright terminal of the IQ spectrum and increases the figure in the low IQ part the study says. Moderate fluorosis involves xanthous or brown mottling of dentition from inordinate fluoride exposure, occurs at rates somewhat high per centum in some fluoridated communities. Teeth with moderate fluorosis besides have weaker dentin with increased tubule size, he said. â€Å" This may do grownup teeth break more easy. In decision the benefit of H2O fluoridization as reference include ; reduced tooth decay, may merely be a map of delayed tooth eruption. It is known that lasting dentitions take longer to break out in kids who drink fluoridated H2O. Studies comparing decay rates in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities normally assess the average figure of rotten, losing, and filled surfaces in lasting dentitions of 12-year-old kids. Thus its advisable to take fluoride out of the H2O supply, and utilize the money spent for fluoridization to advance better public wellness..

Collective Bargaining Essay - 1150 Words

Collective bargaining is the negotiation that takes place between employees and employers regarding rules in the workplace, working hours, work conditions, and wages. It provides a positive view for workers to maintain that shows they have power over the above-mentioned items. Commonly, collective bargaining is accomplished by a union, which provides, for the employer, an efficient way of responding and communicating with the workers. This is accomplished through a representative, or spokesperson, employed by the union on behalf of the member employees. Not all collective bargaining is seen as good, it all depends on the parties negotiating with each other. In order to make collective bargaining successful unions, and their members,†¦show more content†¦First comes the Wagner Act itself, which is typically referred to as the National Laborers Relation Act of 1935. Sponsored by Senator Robert F. Wagner, it legalizes labor unions and gives employees the right to join these groups. It encompasses their rights as a union and gives employees the ability to negotiate with their employers. It also sets standards for employers and their treatment of employees. If this act were eliminated it would result in unions losing the feet they stand on. It would allow companies to go back to dictating the way the workplace was run and how they treated their employees, whether they remained unionized or not. There would be no federal laws mandating companies listen to unions, resulting in the employees no longer having a voice. This would cause a nationwide outbreak; the workers would no doubt protest this change and possibly strike even though it would technically be illegal. Unjust treatment of workers by management would break out across the world; governments may even lose control of their respective populations. More people would end up on unemployment than ever before. The second law we must consider is the Anti-Strikebreaker Law. 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