Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy

Impact of Major Sports Events on the Economy Introduction The use of sports markets to explore questions of economic interest has a long history as the majority of this literature analyses US sports, notably American football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is also a considerable interest in soccer, the leading world sport (For example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships). Over the past two decades there has been increased competition among cities, regions and countries to host mega sporting events Therefore Government and other proponents of major sporting events usually seek to back up their claims of the event providing an economic boost by commissioning an economic impact statement. For example, Economic Research Associates (1984) study of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers (1992) study of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marwicks (1993) study of the Sydney Olympics. Hosting a sport event has revealed a number of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some reasons like increasing community visibility, positive psychic income, and enhancing community image are all common and acceptable postulations. Economic impact in sporting events can be defined as the net change in an economy resulting from a sport event and the change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber and Alton, 1983)which in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. In study of economic impact Expenditures can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For example direct expenditure is the investment needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams so considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. There are following reasons to conduct economic impact studies of sport events and Firstly, because many sport events in our communities were financed by public tax support, economic impact studies continue to be an important public relations tool for city government. Secondly, there is doubt that sporting events may actually help develop a community in relative to its economy therefore, accurate estimates should be proposed and the results should be reported to community members and Thirdly, as sport is not just an entertainment but an industry so the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic results of sport events may be an important method to determine communities draft budget for the coming year so as an example in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will bring enormous economic benefits to the host city not just dur ing the event, but for years afterward. The scale of the organization, facilities and infrastructure required for such a huge undertaking are such that the Games cannot but have substantial economic effects (Sydney 2000 Games, p 2) but what exactly are these economic effects, and how do they affect the quality of life of local residents? The relevance of studies for example, it seems logical that a less developed country will have more to gain from long term growth opportunities. Matheson and Baade (2003) argue, however, that the prospects of mega-sporting events are even worse for developing countries and the opportunity costs of providing state of the art facilities are much higher and lack of modern infrastructure requires significant additional investment. This report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. Moreover, the data from the past economic impact studies were used to produce an economic impact forecasting model designed to predict the economic impact attributable to an event prior to it taking place. This Research have been developed by undertaking wider evaluations of some of the events, for example, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships. Beyond the economic impact generated by an event, these wider evaluations have also examined the public profile achieved by the events and looked in particular at the media value associated with television coverage and place marketing effects linked to such coverage. This Report also provides additional analysis which helps to put IPL event into context by: Outlining the generic economic benefits and return on investment to a countrys economy of hosting a major event such as IPL. Profiling IPL and comparing it to other similar international events in respect of the key elements underpinning economic impact. Identifying regional factors and drivers that may affect the economic impact of IPL in different regions Outlining the possible contribution to a Host Nations Government via taxation, as a result of hosting IPL, investment and cost associated with IPL. Literature Review on Economic Impact Studies Precursor The aim of this literature review is to understand direct and indirect impact of major sports events on economy and understand how major sports can open new dimension in economy. This has been done through referring various journals, articles and magazines; also a survey has been carried out as part of primary research to analyze impact of major sports event on Economy; however validation of data collected is subject to sources and prevailing conditions. Final phase of this study on IPL covers analysis of contribution of IPL to Indian economy, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economy to grow and attracts domestic and foreign investors. This phase also covers SWOT analysis of IPL, reasons critical to success of IPL and future ahead. Statement of Purpose Previously many research studies have contributed to understand economic impact of sport and/or recreational events; however most studies are based upon the researchers personal perception and arguable methodology. The purpose of this study was to review previous economic impact studies and to construct framework for conducting an economic impact study. This entire theoretical framework has been tested by analyzing a case study of economic Impact of mega sports events like Indian Premier League on Indian economy. Literature Review To study Economic impact of sports is challenging topic in the field of management fields because estimating the economic impact of sporting events and make some constructive statement is very difficult and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of social science, ideas and methodology vary from person to person for conducting economic impact studies. The main barrier behind conducting social science research is based on the level of competitiveness and belief in understanding of the material. and also social objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific investigation, and countless sociologists believe they are talking about the object of study when they are merely relaying the discourse which, in sport as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its officials, supporters or journalists (Bourdieu, 1999). Therefore, construction of truly scientific objects implies a break with common representation s, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of study so this report examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and proffers the adoption of the balanced scorecard approach to event evaluation. This consolidated piece of research builds on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premise that major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area but economic impact is now one of the parameters upon which an events success is measured. Major sports events have the potential to achieve significant economic impacts for the host town, city or area, Countries, who host the mega sports event, should make a roadmap for significant investments in sports venues and other infrastructure. It is generally assumed that the scale of such event and roadmap of the preparation for it will create large and long lasting economic benefits to the host country. This would result in huge economic benefits that would have significant economic impact. However unfortunately these studies are constructed around misapplications of economic theoretical framework that virtually guarantee their projections will be large. Ex-post studies have consistently showed no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. For example, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up huge investments in infrastructure and facility recreation to a new level. Th e opportunity for long term economic benefits from the mega sports event like Beijing, critically depend on how well mega sports events related investments in venues and infrastructure can be incorporated into the overall economy in the years following the Games In current scenario economic impact studies have become standard operating procedure for supporters of public funding for sports events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the government and public due to their prevalence with no critical evaluation. Due to the huge investment involve in such high profile mega sports events, large and positive Economic effects are taken as given; the studies confirm what is already believed. The promise of worldwide exposure and economic gain has made hosting these major and regularly scheduled sporting affairs a lucrative goal for aspiring cities around the world (Short 2000, p. 320). Hosting a mega sport event like Olympic, has exhibited a number of large and long lasting benefits in our communities like enhancing community image, increasing community visibility and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable postulations. However, sport is not just limited to an entertainment, also it act as full fledge industry, the results of economic impact may be a cornerstone to develop many related businesses in communities. Positive or negative economic results of sport events may be a critical factor to determine communities draft budget for the coming year. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games require large sums of public money to be spent on venues and infrastructure improvements. Economic impact studies are often commissioned In order to justify the use of large sum of public money towards invariably large inflows of money that will have a long-term positive effect on the economy by such means as job creation and visitor spending. Scale of the mega sports event which attract large amounts of money from outside a local economy, are forecasted to have economic impacts in the billions of dollars The simple elegance of economic impact studies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economy to create a multiplier effect, has an alluring something for-nothing quality that is hard to refute. However to justify a counter argument can be difficult due to numerous mistakes made in economic impact studies. Critics have focused on numerous subjective areas like: 1) using multipliers that are too large, 2) treating costs as benefits, 3) ignoring opportunity costs and 4) using gross spending instead of net changes. In hosting mega sports event the major part of investment required on constructing stadiums, which to a large degree is spent on hiring construction workers and purchasing materials from local suppliers, is counted as a benefit to the local economy. However It is backward looking and the most egregious error in economic impact studies, which looks on production cost benefit of the project and ignores the effect of the actual consumption of the products on economy. Ex-post studies, however, have consistently found no evidence of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely approaching the estimates in economic impact studies. In a study of the impact of Super Bowls on local economies, Philip Porter (1999) found no measurable impact on spending associated with the event. The projected spending and spill over benefits of regional impact models ever materialize (Porter 1999, p. 61) Porters explanation is that capacity constraints in the hotel industry cause room prices to increase with no change in occupancy rates. Higher rates contribute to the crowding out of regular traffic and net spending in areas other than hotel rooms changes little or not at all. Longer term sports programs, usually involving stadium subsidies to attract or keep professional teams, have also failed to deliver on projected economic benefits. Even for cities that usually are considered success stories for sports development strategy, such as Baltimore (Hamilton and Kahn 1997) and Indianapolis (Rosentraub 1994), empirical research does not find evidence of statistically or economically significant positive impacts. Sports economists, on the other hand, have found economic impact studies lacking both in theory and practice. Ex-post studies have consistently failed to find evidence of any economic benefits related to sports teams and facilities. In examining recent retrospective studies, Coates and Humphreys (2003, p. 6) concluded building new sports facilities and attracting new professional sports teams did not raise income per capita or total employment in any US city. A closer look at the methodology of such studies reveals an appealing but fundamentally flawed line of economic reasoning that virtually guarantees a forecast of large economic benefits. The term economic impact analysis refers to rigorous surveys, research, and modeling to estimate the direct and indirect economic effects of an entity or event on the local, county, state, or U.S. economy, as measured by employment, tax revenue, income, or gross product (overall economic output). The impact of an economic event is the summation of direct effects and indirect effects. For example, when a hundred dollars is invested in building a new library in a city, that money (the stimulus) flows through the local economy multiple times as construction supplies are purchased, and as construction workers spend their paychecks at local supermarkets, restaurants, and other retailers, who in turn buy more inventory, and so on. That is, an initial stimulus triggers a chain of spending. This chain of spending is estimated via multipliers. The term economic impact used in isolation can be interpreted in different ways in both the short term and long term. Therefore, in order to be clear what is meant in the context of the sixteen events reviewed in this report, UK Sport has adopted the following definition within its major events strategy: The net economic change in a host community that results from spending attributed to a sports event or facility. Turco Kelsey (1992) The change is caused by activity involving the acquisition, operation, development, and use of sport facilities and services (Lieber Alton, 1983). These in turn generate visitors spending, public spending, employment opportunities, and tax revenue. Specifically, the economic impacts of expenditure are composed of direct, indirect, and induced effects. Direct effects are the purchases needed to meet the increased demand of visitors for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial spectators dollars. Induced effects are the increase in employment and household income that result from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects (Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Howard Crompton, 1995). The initial construction of a $10 million sports facility provides an initial impact of $10 million on the local economy. This is the direct impact. Clearly, the construction of the facility will require concrete, steel, co nstruction workers, and so forth. The money spent on these materials and services comprises the indirect expenditures, or the indirect impacts. (Hefner 1990, pp. 4-5) In high level terms economic impact studies aim to measure the increased economic activity surrounding an event. For sporting events, the key stimulants of activity are the expenditure of spectators, event organisers and other stakeholders, which flow through the local economy to expand total regional and national GDP. The diagram below illustrates the principal components of economic impact. There are three broad areas in which impact will occur, as follows: Core impacts primarily comprising expenditure by, or generated from, international spectators attending sports events from tickets and match day catering; Other direct impacts comprising spending by spectators and other visitors on accommodation, food and beverage, transport and other spending, as well as investment in infrastructure; and Indirect and induced impacts relating to the ripple effect as the direct spending is recycled through the economy. The primary components are indirect impacts, achieved largely by businesses spending on suppliers, and induced impacts, as recipients reinvest money in the economy themselves. In addition, there is also significant expenditure by domestic residents. Domestic spending comprises an important element of the full value of sports event to a Host Nation. Economic impact is based on the theory that a dollar flowing into an economy, that otherwise would not have been spent, is a benefit to the economy. Economic impact studies not only measure economic impact, but are also used to provide information in the decision to publicly fund sports venues or sports commissions/authorities, or to measure the success of events hosted in a local community in generating positive economic outcomes for both the event owners and the locale. Economic impact analysis measures new spending in a local economy due to the presence of, for example, a facility or an event. The change in the economy is measured in terms of total new spending, fiscal impact (total new taxes collected), personal income generated, and jobs created, both directly and indirectly. By increasing the new money in an economy, the economic benefit is serving a greater good by increasing government tax revenue, augmenting business income, and ultimately resulting in more jobs and higher personal income for residents of that economy. In developing the model there are specific regional factors and drivers that will have an influence on the economic impact The diagram below illustrates the key components in determining the potential economic impact : Event Economic Effects/Impacts (Pre-event Post-event phases) Economic growth (GDP) and impact Targeted growth in economic relevant sectors Direct and indirect employment created Direct, indirect and induced impacts (Multipliers Analysis) Economic-social Net Present Value Touristy flows (visitors economy) Olympic legacy (stadia infra-structures) Globalization (Global branding exposure) Sports Economics possesses substantial experience in economic consulting to the sports industry, with specific knowledge of the economic impact of facilities, events, and teams. Considering the publicity and scrutiny surrounding such studies, it is imperative to select a firm that not only has substantial experience, but also has a reputation for consistently providing an accurate assessment of economic impact. Sports Economics methodology is sound and defensible, and we are qualified to and capable of affirming our results to any audience necessary The benefit in economic terms to a host economy is defined according to the additional expenditure by visitors to that economy which is directly attributable to the staging of the event. These visitors can come from elsewhere in the same country or from overseas. If the visitors come from elsewhere in the same country, any economic impact is actually a redistribution of money around that countrys economy and is not necessarily new money to the economy. Visitors from overseas actually provide new money in the form of invisible exports and potentially a net export effect on overall GDP. One might argue that the quality of economic impact can be gauged according to the net export effect associated with an event, namely the extent of any new money brought into the UK economy from overseas visitors (and other sources) as a result of staging an event. However, this may be of little concern to local organisers who do not care whether any additional expenditure is attributable to someone fro m for example the USA or elsewhere in the UK, hence redistribution is not an issue. The main point of note is that only some people are eligible for inclusion in the economic impact calculations i.e. visitors to the host city or area specifically as a result of an event being staged. The remainder live locally and their expenditure would have been made regardless of a specific event taking place, hence such expenditure is termed deadweight and not eligible for inclusion in the calculations. Obtaining a value for the initial impact of a team or event is the first step in any economic impact study. The initial impact is then magnified through the use of a multiplier, based on the idea that money brought into a local economy will be respent over and over, becoming income for others in the economy. In this way a multiplier also magnifies the errors made in calculating initial impact, especially by once again failing to recognize opportunity costs. The multiplier is applied to any new spending in the economy regardless of the source. If the multiplier does not depend on the spending source, then it is useless in the comparison of alternative projects. The multiplier effect accounts for the overall economic impact of a sport event. The multiplier effect demonstrates the process through which initial spending in a region generates further rounds of re-spending within the region. The ripping process of subsequent re-spending is the multiplier effect. The basic principle of the multiplier effect begins with an initial spending as an increased income into an economy. A portion of the increased income is spent and further re-spent within the region (Archer, 1984; Crompton, 1995; Wang, 1997). In summary, there are three elements that contribute to the total impact of visitor spending: Direct impact (the first-round effect of visitor spending), Indirect impact (the ripple effect of additional rounds of re-circulating the initial visitors dollars), and Induced impact, which is further ripple effects caused by employees of impacted business spending some of their salaries and wages in other business in the host community (Howard Crompton, 1995). A variety of multiplier used modeling techniques are available: TEIM (Travel Economic Impact Model), RIMS (Regional Input-output Modeling System) (Donnelly, Vaske, DeRuiter, Loomis, 1998; Wang, 1997), TDSM (Tourism Development Simulation Model) (Donnelly, et al., 1998), RIMS II (Regional Input-output Modeling System, version II) (Wang, 1997), ROI (measuring financial Return On Investment) (Turco Navarro, 1993), and IMPLAN (Impact Analysis for Planning) (Bushnell Hyle, 1985; Dawson, Blahna, Keith, 1993; Donnelly, et al., 1998; Howard Crompton, 1995; and Wang, 1997). Of those modeling techniques, IMPLAN is one of popular methods. The IMPLAN model was developed by the U.S. Forest Service and Engineer Economics Associates, Inc. The IMPLAN develops input-output models for all states and counties in the United States. This model was used to estimate the employment, income, and net sales and adopted as the regional impact analysis program-of-choice. Another often-used model is RIMS, whi ch was developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This model also offers input-output tables down to the country level (Turco Kelsey, 1992). Also, a lot of simple formulas were developed to conduct economic impact study of sport events by local sport commission companies. In addition to the standard projections of economic impact, Olympic studies also include longer term benefits sometimes referred to as the Olympic Legacy. These legacy effects, derived from positive publicity from the Games, include increased tourism after the Games, attraction of business, and infrastructure investments that improve the urban environment. Legacy impacts are generally not incorporated into the economic impact numbers, but rather offered as an additional, unquantifiable benefit. The lack of any ex post study that finds improvements in economic growth or living standards due to mega events should cast some suspicion on the legacy effects of Olympics, or at least the ability of such effects to be transformed into real economic benefits to the local economy. Baade and Matheson (2002) found the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state change (p. 28). Empirical Analyses of Economic Impact Statements It is one thing to point out bias that could potentially be introduced in impact studies. It is another thing altogether to examine whether actual economic impact studies are, in practice, truly flawed. One tool that can be used to determine the accuracy of economic impact studies is ex post comparisons of predicted economic gains to actual economic performance of cities hosting sporting events. Empirical studies have been conducted on the observed economic impacts of large sporting events as well as on the construction of new sport facilities. On the sport facility side, numerous researchers have examined the relationship between new facilities and economic growth in metropolitan areas (Baade Dye, 1990; Rosentraub, 1994; Baade, 1996; Noll Zimbalist, 1997; Coates Humphreys, 1999). In every case, independent analysis of economic impacts made by newly built stadiums and arenas has uniformly found no statistically significant positive correlation between sport facility construction and economic development (Siegfried Zimbalist, 2000). This stands in stark contrast to the claims of teams and leagues, who assert that the large economic benefits of professional franchises merit considerable public expenditures on stadiums and arenas. On the events side, nearly every national or international sporting event elicits claims of huge benefits accruing to the host city. For example, the National Football League typically claims an economic impact from the Super Bowl of around $400 million (National Football League, 1999), Major League Baseball attaches a $75 million benefit to the All-Star Game (Selig et al., 1999), and the NCAA Final Four in Mens Basketball is estimated to generate from $30 million to $110 million (Mensheha, 1998; Anderson, 2001). Multi-day events such as the Olympics or soccer World Cup produce even larger figures. The pre-Olympics estimates for Atlantas Games in 1996 suggested the event would generate $5.1 billion in direct and indirect economic activity and 77,000 new jobs in Georgia (Humphreys Plummer, 1995). In many cases, variation in the estimates of benefits alone raises questions about the validity of studies. A series of economic impact studies of the NBA All-Star game produced numbers ranging from a $3 million windfall for the 1992 game in Orlando to a $35 million bonanza for the game three years earlier in Houston (Houck, 2000). The ten-fold disparity in the estimated impact of the event in different years serves to illustrate the ad hoc nature of these studies. Similarly, ahead of the 1997 NCAA Womens Basketball Final Four, an economic impact of $7 million was estimated for the local economy in Cincinnati, while the same event two years later was predicted to produce a $32 million impact on the San Jose economy (Knight Ridder News Service, 1999). Such increases cannot be explained by changes in general price levels or growth in the popularity of the tournament. Instead, they are explained by the fact that economic impact studies are highly subjective and vulnerable to significant error as well as manipulation. In further cases, the size of an estimate can strain credulity. The Sports Management Research Institute estimated the direct economic benefit of the U. S. Open tennis tournament in Flushing Meadows, NY, to be $420 million for the tri-state area, more than any other sporting or entertainment event in any city in the United States; this sum represents 3% of the total annual direct economic impact of tourism for New York (United States Tennis Association, 2001). It is simply impossible to believe that 1 in 30 tourists to New York City in any given year are visiting the city solely to attend the U. S. Open. Similarly, the projected $6 billion impact of a proposed World Cup in South Africa in 2006 would suggest that soccer games and their ancillary activities would represent over 4% of the entire gross domestic product of the country in that year (South Africa Football Association, 2000). As in the case of sports facilities, independent work on the economic impact of mega-sporting events has routinely found the effect of these events on host communities to be either insignificant or an order of magnitude less than the figures espoused by the sports promoters. In a study of six Super Bowls dating back to 1979, Porter (1999) found no increase in taxable sales in the host community compared to previous years without the game. Similarly, Baade and Matheson (2000) found that hosting the Super Bowl was associated with an increase in employment in host cities of 537 jobs, for a total impact of approximately $32 million, less than one-tenth the figure trumpeted by the NFL. In a study of 25 Major League Baseball all-star games held between 1973 and 1997, Baade and Matheson (2001) found that, in the case of three all-star games in California (1987, 1989, 1992), the events were correlated with worse-than-expected employment growth in host cities and were furthermore associated w ith an average reduction in taxable sales of nearly $30 million. Finally, Baade and Mathesons examination (1999) of the Olympic Games held in Los Angeles in 1984 and Atlanta in 1996 found total observed increases in economic activity of $100 million and of $440 million to $1.7 billion, respectively. While the range of the economic impact for Atlanta exhibits a great deal of uncertainty, even the most favorable figure is only one-third of the amount claimed by the host committee. Tax impact With its large economic footprint, long duration and significant international visitor numbers, mega sports event delivers substantial tax revenues to a Host Nations government. This section outlines the potential types of tax revenue that can accrue to a sport event host government and an indication of the possible levels of such tax revenue. In summary, the tax revenues to the government of the Host Nation include: Sales t

The Yellow Wall Paper :: Literary Analysis, Gilman, Abcarian, Klotz

The Yellow Wall Paper â€Å"The Yellow Wall Paper† is the story about a journey of a woman who is suffering from a nervous breakdown, descending into madness through her â€Å"rest cure† treatment. Basically, the woman is not allowed to read, write or to see her new-born baby. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the essence of this journey into madness by using the first person narration. The story plot’s is by taking the reader through the horrors of one woman’s neurosis to make strong statements about the oppression faced by women in their marriage roles. The narrator’s mental condition is characterized by her meeting with the wallpaper in her room. In addition to the story’s plot, the use of symbolism and irony throughout her story also show how males dominate during her time. From â€Å"Literature: The Human Experience† written by Abcarian and Klotz, â€Å"Irony is figurative language in which the intended meaning differs from the literal meaning† (1615). There is more than one level of irony at work in this story. Dramatic irony occurs when a reader or audience know things a character does not and, consequently, sees things differently (Abcarian & Klotz 1615). Gilman uses dramatic irony when the narrator states, â€Å"I’m feeling so much better† (Gilman 1005) as if the narrator believe that she is normal, but when she states â€Å"I think that woman gets out in the daytime! And I’ll tell you why-privately- I’ve seen her!† (Gilman 1006), the reader knows that she is actually going in sane. It is dramatic irony because the reader‘s understanding of the narrator’s speeches is different markedly from the narrator’s. Through this dramatic irony, Gilman has let the reader knows how complete seclusion can only add to the desolation and push people to the verge of insanity. The order of â€Å"rest cure† treatment may symbolize her husband’s love towards her, but ironically it makes her condition worse. This plot symbolizes how women were oppressed and dominated by their husbands and they had no place for self expression. When the narrator states, â€Å"I can see her out of my windows! I see her in that long shaded lane, creeping up and down. I see her in those dark grape arbors, creeping all around the garden† (Gilman 1006). The reader knows there is no actual woman trapped behind the wallpaper; in fact this is a hallucination that seems to be caused by forced isolation as part of her treatment.

Dental Cavities And Water Fluoridation Health And Social Care Essay

Fluoridation of H2O is the controlled add-on of fluoride to a public H2O supply to cut down tooth decay. Fluoridated H2O has fluoride at a degree that is effectual for forestalling pits, this can happen of course or by adding fluoride. This pattern occurs chiefly in English-speaking states, as Continental Europe does non fluoridize public H2O supplies. Fluoridated H2O operates on tooth surfaces: in the oral cavity it creates low degrees of fluoride in spit, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralises and increases the rate at which it demineralises in the early phases of pits. A fluoridated compound is added to imbibing H2O, a procedure that in the United States costs an norm of about $ 0.94 per person-year. Bottled H2O typically has unknown fluoride degrees, and some domestic H2O filters take some or all fluoride. Dental pits remain a major public wellness concern in most industrialised states, impacting a bigger per centum of schoolchildren and the huge bulk of grownups. Water fluoridization prevents pits in both kids and grownups, with surveies gauging about 30 per centum decrease in pits when H2O fluoridization is used by kids who already have entree to toothpaste and other beginnings of fluoride. Water fluoridization can do dental fluorosis, which can change the visual aspect of developing dentitions. These are normally non considered to be of aesthetic or public-health concern. Fluoride ‘s effects depend on the entire day-to-day consumption of fluoride from all beginnings. Drinking H2O is typically the largest beginning ; other methods of fluoride therapy include fluoridization of toothpaste, salt, and milk. Water fluoridization, when executable and culturally acceptable, has significant advantages for subgroups at high hazard. The U.S. Centres for Disease Control listed H2O fluoridization as one of the 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. In contrast to most European states, who experienced significant diminutions in tooth decay without its usage due to the debut of fluoride toothpaste in the seventiess. Fluoridation may be more justified in the U.S. because of socio-economic inequalities in dental wellness and dental attention. The end of H2O fluoridization is to forestall a chronic disease whose jobs peculiarly fall on kids and on the hapless. The usage of H2O fluoridization creates a struggle between the common good and single rights. Health and dental organisations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectivity. Its usage began in 1945, following surveies of kids in a part where higher degrees of fluoride take topographic point of course in the H2O. Research workers discovered that moderate fluoridization prevents tooth decay and as of 2004 about 400 million people worldwide received fluoridated H2O. Fluoridation besides prevents tooth decay by seting the concentration of fluoride in public H2O supplies. Tooth decay is one of the most prevailing chronic diseases worldwide. Even though it is seldomly dangerous, tooth decay can do ; hurting and impair feeding, speech production, facial visual aspect, and credence into society, it greatly affects the quality of life of kids, peculiarly those of low socio-economic position. Fluoridation does non impact the visual aspect, gustatory sensation, or odor of imbibing H2O. Normally it is made by adding one of three compounds to the H2O: Na fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or Na fluorosilicate. Sodium fluoride ( NaF ) was the first compound used and is the mention criterion. It is a white, odourless pulverization ; the crystalline signifier is preferred if physical handling is used, as it minimizes dust. Fluorosilicic acid ( H2SiF6 ) is an cheap liquid byproduct of phosphate fertiliser industry. It contains so much H2O, transportation can be expensive Sodium fluorosilicate ( Na2SiF6 ) is a really all right crystal that is easier to transport than fluorosilicic acid. Among the chief benefits of fluoridization are: Community H2O fluoridization is an effectual, safe, and cheap manner to forestall tooth decay. This method of fluoride bringing benefits of all ages and despite socioeconomic position. Brushing twice a twenty-four hours with a fluoride toothpaste is an easy manner to forestall tooth decay. Fluoridation, which was started in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1945, has been used successfully in the United States for more than 50 old ages. Fluoride plants by change by reversaling the decay procedure. It keeps tooth enamel strong and solid.A Community H2O fluoridization is considered one of 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. Of the 50 largest metropoliss in the United States, 42 have community H2O fluoridization. Fluoridation reaches 69 per centum of the population on public H2O supplies this is more than 184 million people.A Communities with fluoridated imbibing H2O in the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand show dramatic decreases in tooth decay-those with fluoridated imbibing systems have less percent tooth decay. About all tooth decay can be prevented when fluoridization is combined with dental sealers and other fluoride merchandises, such as toothpaste.A Fluoride dietetic addendums can supply fluoride to those who do non hold equal degrees in their imbibing H2O. They are available as tablets, beads, or lozenges. Over-the-counter fluoride dental merchandises such as toothpastes and oral cavity rinses are effectual in forestalling decay. Merchandises with high concentrations of fluoride that are applied in the dental office or prescribed for place usage offer extra protection for those at increased hazard of tooth decay.A Fluoride will go on to be of import for forestalling tooth decay in this age group. Older Americans are particularly susceptible to tooth decay because of open root surfaces and oral cavity waterlessness that may ensue from many medicines. The hazards of fluoridization Fluoride was foremost added to H2O supplies in Grand Rapids, in 1945 to forestall tooth decay. The pattern has had some controversial with some claiming it does small to forestall tooth decay and is unsafe for wellness. Most tooth doctors and public wellness functionaries province that it significantly lowers the rates of tooth decay and presents no of import wellness hazards. A bigger per centum of United States population drinks fluoridated H2O. But on contrary when towns and metropoliss across the state hold elector referenda on fluoridization, its usage has been rejected about half the clip. The long-running argument over fluoride usage and exposure was the topic of a citizens ‘ conference held at St. Lawrence University, on July 28-30. Most research workers report on fluoride did non measure the safety or benefits of H2O fluoridization. But did address specifically the current maximal degree of natural fluoride EPA allows in imbibing H2O and concluded nem con that fluoride at that concentration harms dentitions and castanetss. A life-time of fluoride consumption in countries where the H2O is fluoridated at approximately 1 ppm can alter the quality of dentin and bone and may increase break rates for both. Kidney patients and diabetics are at particular menace from fluoridated H2O because they tend to imbibe more liquid than healthy persons. Bottle-fed babies are besides at particular hazard if expression is assorted with fluoridated H2O. Peoples drink widely different sums of fluoridated H2O and other beginnings of exposure vary as in U.S persons are having immensely different doses of fluoride. Fluoride at degrees found in imbibing H2O affects encephalon map in grownups the research workers report indicates that the receptor cells in the encephalon can change in response to toxins and fluoride. Fluoride impairs the encephalon ‘s ability to transport out signalling maps, with the effect that messages that are passed along the many tracts that are likely to be uncomplete. It does this by interrupting the creative activity and dislocation of neurofilaments in the axons of nerve cells. It besides interferes with both primary and secondary signalling in the nervous system. Fluoride may besides increase the figure of plaques and tangles in the encephalons of grownups, which could lend to dementia. These surveies were done by Isaacson utilizing rats, chronic exposure to sodium fluoride or aluminum fluoride in imbibing H2O, where by it led to plaques and tangles in the rats ‘ encephalons that are similar to the abnormalcies found in Alzheimer ‘s patients. It appears furthermore that exposure to fluoride in the uterus and throughout early life lowers intelligence. The Epidemiologic surveies suggest that fluoridization of imbibing H2O decreases the figure of kids at the really bright terminal of the IQ spectrum and increases the figure in the low IQ part the study says. Moderate fluorosis involves xanthous or brown mottling of dentition from inordinate fluoride exposure, occurs at rates somewhat high per centum in some fluoridated communities. Teeth with moderate fluorosis besides have weaker dentin with increased tubule size, he said. â€Å" This may do grownup teeth break more easy. In decision the benefit of H2O fluoridization as reference include ; reduced tooth decay, may merely be a map of delayed tooth eruption. It is known that lasting dentitions take longer to break out in kids who drink fluoridated H2O. Studies comparing decay rates in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities normally assess the average figure of rotten, losing, and filled surfaces in lasting dentitions of 12-year-old kids. Thus its advisable to take fluoride out of the H2O supply, and utilize the money spent for fluoridization to advance better public wellness..

Collective Bargaining Essay - 1150 Words

Collective bargaining is the negotiation that takes place between employees and employers regarding rules in the workplace, working hours, work conditions, and wages. It provides a positive view for workers to maintain that shows they have power over the above-mentioned items. Commonly, collective bargaining is accomplished by a union, which provides, for the employer, an efficient way of responding and communicating with the workers. This is accomplished through a representative, or spokesperson, employed by the union on behalf of the member employees. Not all collective bargaining is seen as good, it all depends on the parties negotiating with each other. In order to make collective bargaining successful unions, and their members,†¦show more content†¦First comes the Wagner Act itself, which is typically referred to as the National Laborers Relation Act of 1935. Sponsored by Senator Robert F. Wagner, it legalizes labor unions and gives employees the right to join these groups. It encompasses their rights as a union and gives employees the ability to negotiate with their employers. It also sets standards for employers and their treatment of employees. If this act were eliminated it would result in unions losing the feet they stand on. It would allow companies to go back to dictating the way the workplace was run and how they treated their employees, whether they remained unionized or not. There would be no federal laws mandating companies listen to unions, resulting in the employees no longer having a voice. This would cause a nationwide outbreak; the workers would no doubt protest this change and possibly strike even though it would technically be illegal. Unjust treatment of workers by management would break out across the world; governments may even lose control of their respective populations. More people would end up on unemployment than ever before. The second law we must consider is the Anti-Strikebreaker Law. Amended in 1938, and known as the Byrne Act, it is a law protecting an employee that is involved in any strike against anShow MoreRelatedCollective Bargaining And Bargaining Agreements1704 Words   |  7 Pagesterm â€Å"collective bargaining† and list and describe four issues that are mandatory components of a collective bargaining agreement. The term collective bargaining is defined as the system of bargaining when representatives of the employer and the employees negotiate the terms and conditions of employment that will apply to the employees. In the United States collective bargaining agreements are legally binding and typically last one to five years. (Budd, 2013,) PAGE 235 Collective bargaining is oneRead Morecollective bargaining4861 Words   |  20 PagesPeCOP Journal of Social and Management Sciences Collective Bargaining Dr Isaac Chaneta University of Zimbabwe – Harare, Zimbabwe Dr Isaac Chaneta Collective Bargaining Dr Isaac Chaneta Unionism: Good or Bad for Productitivity Dr Isaac Chaneta Employee Welfare 1 PeCOP Journal of Social and Management Sciences Collective Bargaining Dr Isaac Chaneta University of Zimbabwe – Harare, Zimbabwe Abstract Collective bargaining is concerned with the relations between employersRead MoreBargaining Agreements : A Collective Bargaining Agreement906 Words   |  4 Pagesculmination of a collective bargaining process is a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between employers and members of a labor union. In some instances, where firms hire contractors who are under a different supervision regime from the bonafide employees of an organization, it brings about complications in the formulation of collective bargaining agreements for the contractor and organizational staff under an umbrella labor union covering both staff. Since a collective bargaining agreement is aRead MoreCollective Bargaining And The Bargaining Process1104 Words   |  5 PagesCollective bargaining is the process by which conditions of employment are negotiated between management, and the labor organization representing employees in the bargaining unit. However, â€Å"collective bargaining refers to a situation in whic h union members and officials meet with an intent to resolve any issues or conflicts, in an attempt to maintain relationships† (Holley, Jennings, Wolters, 2012, p. 243). The collective bargaining process relies on four aspects: recognition of the meeting, meetingRead MoreCollective Bargaining Essay552 Words   |  3 Pages Collective Bargaining: A Great Social Invention? = quot;Theres strength in numbersquot; This is a clichà ©, or could even be called a proverb that most of us have heard at some stage in our lives. It also lies at the heart of collective bargaining, and it provides a reasonable, although simplistic reason for the use of collective bargaining, and also gives us an indication of where and for whom it is most useful. Collective bargainings origins lie in one of mans primary instincts; defence. InRead MoreThe Collective Bargaining Process5400 Words   |  22 Pages290 Applied Collective Bargaining Course Work Question: Summarize three (3) topics covered during the semester and discuss the issues. To complete this paper the topics chosen are: The Collective Bargaining Process: Preparation, Strategies and Tactics The Collective Bargaining Process: Preparation, Strategies and Tactics Introduction Collective bargaining can be defined as a process where workers’ representative and management’s representative meet and treat at the bargaining table toRead MoreCollective Bargaining Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesestablish mutual goal (Huston, 2010, p. 297). Of course out of the both of these the unions would most prefer to have accommodation with management, since it would be much easier on them to deal with management. Many times nurse aren’t included in bargaining for wage increases, benefits, staffing ratios, and therefore need to have unions represent them in these types of negotiations with management (Huston, 2010, p. 291). When issues where brought up to management by nurses management often times ignoredRead MoreUnion Representation And Collective Bargaining Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesunion and the right to collectively bargain protects the workers from various exploitative and abusive conditions at work and puts pressure on employers to share productivity gains with their employees. Historically, union representation and collective bargaining have been the keys to the growth of a stable working population in developed economies, and have made it possible for workers to gain a more equitable share of the wealth that they create; they are also able to improve working conditions andRead MoreLabor Relations And Collective Bargaining1111 Words   |  5 PagesLabor Relations Collective Bargaining It is stated that the objective of Labor Relations is derived from the employment relationship. With any relationship, there must be a balance. Without balance the relationship will be hindered. To maintain this balance of an employment relationship we focus on the objectives of Labor Relations. These include efficiency, equity and voice. Efficiency is the productive use of resources, equity involves the fair treatment of employees and voice helps integrateRead MoreStages and Strategies of Collective Bargaining1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe ILO Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98), 1949 describes collective bargaining as: Voluntary negotiation between employers or employers organizations and workers organizations, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by collective agreements. Collective bargaining could also be defined as negotiations relating to terms of employment and conditions of work between an employer, a group of employers or an employers organization on

Addiction The Problem Of Addiction Essay - 829 Words

You likely experience varying emotions dealing with the addict. One moment you fear the addict may die of an overdose; a moment later, you are angry because the addict is wasting money on drugs, sleeping in late, or refusing to work. It’s frustrating and painful to watch helplessly as someone you care about falls prey to the negative and possibly catastrophic consequences of addiction. While the addict deals with the consequences of addiction, your struggles are just as important and deserve attention. Here are ways to help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict: Expand Your Knowledge of Addiction. Topics Covered in the Next Several Chapters Include: †¢ Why and how addiction develops. †¢ Why addicts continue to use despite the mounting problems addiction causes. †¢ The medical, social or legal consequences of addiction. †¢ Healthy ways for you to motivate the addict to seek treatment. †¢ Healthy ways to take care of yourself. †¢ The reality of addiction: the addict is in control. Counseling You need to be emotionally healthy to cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Counseling with a therapist or spiritual counselor can be of immense value. Unfortunately, society views mental health problems as a sign of weakness. The very same stigma exists for drug addiction! Don’t allow yourself to think that way. Counseling can help you cope with the stress of dealing with the addict. Referral to a physician for medication can be helpful if you are struggling withShow MoreRelatedAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction939 Words   |  4 PagesThe amount of damage that addiction brings into people’s lives can be staggering. Society’s perspective of addiction can either help or hinder the problem. Some addictions are seen negatively by society while others are not recognized as harmful. Some perspectives view the issue moralistically, creating shame regarding the problem. This approach is rarely helpful when dealing with the problem of addiction. Psychology, through a biopsychosocial model, attempts to offer a scientific perspective. ThisRead MoreAddiction : The Problem With Addiction1222 Words   |  5 Pagesto treat addiction, it is important to first understand why addiction occurs. Often, there is a misconception on what steps need to be taken to deal with addiction, and what factors increase the propensity of addiction in the first place. The differ ent models of addiction aim to clarify and justify reasons why addiction occurs both physiologically and psychologically, as well as provide plausible solutions to stop addiction. Although the models all contain differing view on why addiction occurs, andRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1705 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction A crisis that many communities in Georgia are experiencing is addiction. A large substance that is currently being abuse is methamphetamine. Methamphetamine can be smoked, snorted, injected, taken orally and dissolved in liquids. The most common use is smoking and injecting the drug because of the immediate reaction it has on the body. It is highly addictive and has repeated patterns of binges and crashes with the individual constantly trying to reproduce their euphoric high. A recentRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction1387 Words   |  6 Pageshave an addiction. The feeling of always wanting more just to be satisfied. Addiction is the result of a person who is consumed by a substance involved in an activity that is pleasurable. Drinking and shopping are two types of severe addictions and people do not realize it until it is too late. Addiction comes in various forms and it takes a while to realize what type of addiction a person could have. It tends to affect a person either physically or emotionally. A physical addiction causesRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction1798 Words   |  8 PagesAddiction I am the solution to my problem â€Å"The truth is most families discover is that no one can cure another person’s addiction. Only addicts can do that for themselves.† The textbook definition of addiction is a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance. Some researches speak of two types of addictions; substance addictions (such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking) and process addictions (such as gambling, spending, shopping, eating, and sexual activity. Users that areRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction900 Words   |  4 Pagescan be true of any addiction and it is problematic for our society. Addiction is on the rise in our country and it is quickly becoming an epidemic. The reason for the rapid rise is due, in part, to the fact that many children are following in their addicted parents’ footsteps. The future of our country is at risk as more youth turn towards drugs and alcohol. The government should implement programs that support addicts and their childre n in order to stop the cycle of addiction. Children whoRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction764 Words   |  4 PagesThis ted talk was phenomenal it made me really think of how we react to addicts, addiction issues, and related topics. Johann Hari, did a great job of explaining the current methods of handling addiction from many perspectives, such as political and societal. 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Could itRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesNot very many people understand why addiction brings out the worst in others, they only see what they are doing, not what the addiction is doing to them. It must be understood that it is a journey to overcome addiction. Some do not want to overcome it, but they will be better off. Everyone has an addiction to take the pain away, and not everyone realizes that they are addicted because addiction creates a false euphoria, but in reality, it is a nightmare. Addiction is an unusually great interest inRead MoreThe Problem Of The Addiction1179 Words   |  5 Pages The term addiction has been perplexing psychologists and humanity for many years. Normal people can’t seem to grasp what truly drives addiction and what addicts themselves go through on a daily basis when dealing with it. Hence, society has produced such a negative connotation associated with the term addiction such as cravings, compulsions, and dependence, that the true meaning of the term has been lost, and with it, its solution. People seem to believe that an addict is a lost cause, forever to

A Human Headed Winged Bull And Winged Lion - 948 Words

The title of this sculpture is a Human-headed winged bull and winged lion. It is often called shedu or lamassu. A lamassu represents a female deity. A shedu refers to the male counterpart of a lamassu. There is no name of the artist. The Human-headed winged bull and winged lion is from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Neo-Assyrian. This winged lion stood in Ashurnasirpal II s palace at Nimrud, one of the enormous stone statues of winged beasts set up at entrances and doorways to protect the king from evil and to impress all thoese who entered. It is excavated at Kalhu (modern Nimrud). The sculpture is dated to ca. 883-859 B.C. and dimensions are H. 10ft. 3 1/2 in. (313.7 cm). It is plain ivory color. It is now situated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (32.143.1–.2). Medium is gypsum alabaster. The sculpture has the head of a human male, a body of an bull or a lion, bird s wings, and a long tail that is very long and looks like a broom. Also, the head of a human male h as a shaggy beard, big eyes, the thick eyebrows, tall nose, and small lip. It wears a belt, and has five legs. A belt on the waist signifies power. Their heads are crowned with the horned caps typical of deities throughout the ancient Near East. At the facade of this sculpture, it appears to stand firmly in place. But at the side of this sculpture, it is striding forward. It was carved in colossal size, and placed as a pair. It was predominantly placed at either side of the entrances of cities,Show MoreRelatedThe Metropolitan Museum Of Art1480 Words   |  6 PagesII. The Human-Headed Winged Lion and the Human-Headed Winged Bull is from the Assyrian city of Nimrud in the Ancient Near East during the year 883-859 B.C. The Lamassus were placed outside the palace, on the sides of the doorway like how the Met Museum has placed them. Created in order to protect the palace and to strike fear and awe into those who entered, they were a constant reminder of the greatness of the king and h is power, and served as a spiritual guardian for him. The Human-headed WingedRead MoreThe Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed Winged Lion1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed winged lion, also known as the Lamassu, are two pieces of art that are very different yet similar with each other in composition, representation, function, and style. Although they were created at two different points in history, the artists thought about and created the two art works in similar fashion. The work of art from the Egyptian period is a statue representing the god of war, the sun, and rulers, Horus. It was created in the time frameRead MoreModern Art : Ancient Art1555 Words   |  7 Pagespresented. Including, the Assyrian Lamassu, Achaemenid Colum Capital in the form of Man- Bull, and the Colossal Bull- Head, and an Egyptian â€Å"servant† statue. Beginning with ancient Mesopotamian art, one significant art work was excavated in 1929, and now presented in the Oriental Institute in Chicago with its museum number A7369 is the Lamassu from Dur- Sharrukin; also known as the Human- headed Winged Bull. According to the label information, the Lamassu was created around 721-705 BCE during theRead MorePoseidon Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesvery much like those enacted by Zeus and Hera; Poseidon has a weakness for women, and Amphitrite with good cause is angry and vengeful (1). Together they bore three children, Rhode, Triton, and Benthesicyme. Triton was a merman that consisted of human above the waist and fish-shaped below the waist. He is seen many a times blowing a conch shell and can change shape at will. Poseidon had an infatuation with Scylla, daughter of Phorcys, and this angered Amphitrite. Amphitrite changed Scylla intoRead MoreThe Griffin, The Mermaid, And The Giant Cyclops1741 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout Histor y and across cultures humans have always tried to make sense of scientific phenomena through stories. The stories attempt to explain scientifically unknown events such as natural disasters, astronomical or geological phenomena, or agricultural failures or successes. The stories serve to protect citizens, to explain the unexplainable, and to justify traditions. These folklore stories often stem from encounters with nature and are expressed through cultural traditions. Rocks, mineralsRead More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagescenturies will we begin to see his naturalistic/scientific theory evolve. Human beings are born, live, and held prisoners of their bodies. Since the beginning of time, the human form has been represented in pictorial depictions. Representation of animals and nature appear to only be depicted in ways to enhance the human race; either through religious, mystical, hunting charms, or whatever the themes all center around humans. The form does take on specific significance when viewed in the contextRead MoreZeus The man the Myth the Legend1577 Words   |  7 Pagesrescued and taught the art of the forge by sea nymphs and eventually make his way atop mount Olympus as the blacksmith (Stone 69). Next was Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia, who was the daughter of Atlas. Hermes was the messenger god; equipped with his winged sandals he would prove himself invaluable to Zeus saving him on multiple occasions. Finally, there was Dionysos, god of wine and ecstasy, who would take the place of Hestia in the pantheon. While Semeli was pregnant with Dionysos she demanded to seeRead MoreOverview of Greek Mythology2666 Words   |  11 Pagesdid we get here? Why are we here? Questions like these are human nature and the basis of all religions. Mohandas Gandhi once said â€Å"It is the permanent element in human nature which counts no cost too great in order to find full expression and which leaves the soul utterly restless until it has found itself, known its Maker and appreciated the true correspondence between the Maker and itself† (Bharathi 43). By this Gandhi means that humans as a race have a perpetual need to understand the world aroundRead MoreEssay on Mythology1840 Words   |  8 PagesMythology The origin of the universe can be explained by modern astronomers and astrophysicists, while archaeologists and historians try to clarify the origin of human societies. In the distant past, however, before any sciences existed, the beginnings of the world and of society were explained by MYTHOLOGY. The dictionary defines mythology as the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people. The word myth is often mistakenly understood toRead MoreComparison on the Differences of Chinese Long and Western Dragon4164 Words   |  17 Pagesoriginate from different legendaries and contain people’s different emotions. Their figures and capabilities are different. Chinese long (Chinese dragon) is a combination of several animals and it can fly without wings. Western dragon looks like a winged dinosaur. It can fly with its wings and spring fire from its mouth. Chinese long (Chinese dragon) combines several propitious animals and it can bring harvest. People believe Chinese long (Chinese dragon) is a positive imaginary. But in the west,

Toyota Motor Company Analysis free essay sample

Toyota, This report provides a detailed company description of the giant automaker Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), along with an in depth analysis and evaluation of their logistics, marketing, human resource management and international strategy. What is currently being questioned is the allowance of TMC to cross our borders and begin operations within our country. After reviewing all evidence found for and against allowing TMC to enter our nation, it was made clear that TMC provides many opportunities for economic growth and ultimately a higher standard of living. It is strongly recommended that Toyota Motor Company and all their business and operation activities be permitted and granted access to our country. Company Description: Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a multinational automaker based out of Japan. Founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, TMC has become the world largest automobile company reclaiming its title at the end of 2012, surpassing once again General Motors. Selling 9. 75 million vehicles worldwide and obtaining revenues of 8. billion in the company experienced an net revenue increase of 26% in 2012 compared to the previous fiscal year. It is expected that in 2013, revenues will continue to increase to an impressive $226. 5 billion (Mississippi Business Journal 2013). TMC headquarters are located at 1 Toyota-Cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture 471-8571, Japan and employs over 325,000 (consolidated) worldwide (Toyota Motor Corporation Global). The companies main ventures are the production and sales of motor vehicles with its main brands including Toyota, Lexus and recently added, Scion. Spanning every continent, Toyota undergo operations worldwide totaling 170 countries. At the turn of the 21st century TMC obtained the title as the largest automaker in the world. In years following, including the 2008 financial crisis, it continued to battle for this top spot with its North American based rivals GM but in recent years was able to stay strong and take a big leap ahead (The Wall Street Journal) 2013. It has also sparked global attention for being the first to mass produce hybrid (gas-electric) vehicles such as their â€Å"Prius† model, selling over 1. million (Auto123 2009), and truly pushing change in the automotive industry to become a more environmentally friendly and eco-friendly industry worldwide. Company International Strategy: Toyotas success in both the Japanese and international auto market is mainly due to its core values and constant desire to make a higher quality product. The company base their attitude on a single word: â€Å"kaizen†, whic h means â€Å"continuous improvement†. This attitude relates and is based from Japanese ideologies that no product is so good that there is no room for improvement. Kaizen† is an integrative strategy, which means a cross-functional strategy that appoints the gradual improvement, management and continuous business activities and the parameters of quality, productivity and competitiveness, with direct involvement of all staff. The need to compete with international competitors like GM and Ford forced Toyota to look for greater cost economies. The desired cost economics was achieved at the end of the 20th century when TMC strategically chose to reduce its 20 vehicle platforms down to 10. Building a wide range of models from few platforms allowed the company to dramatically allow increase the supply and availability along with the consistently of parts, supplies and finished products(Hara 2004). Regarding the global problem of pollutant emissions, Toyota spends over $8 billion annually in research and development (USA Today 2009). Exploring simultaneously a variety of solutions for designing less polluting vehicles, Toyota has committed to develop hybrid systems as a basic factor in manufacturing clean technology cars, combining different sources of power. It has made significant progress in designing engines that use alternative energy sources. One of the most promising approach is combining two different sources of energy in a single system with the potential to use both. This solution is known as hybrid technology and is the most promising way to achieve Toyota’s green machine. Company Marketing Strategy: Japanese companies tend to have a different strategy when it comes to marketing, selling, and achieving. From the beginning to the near finished products consisting of many common parts, Toyota add local product features that will meet the locals desires and needs. This was made possible by the implementation of over 65 factories located in all global regions allowing easy and simple distribution to the surrounding areas. This allows TMC to realize the many benefits of global manufacturing while reacting well to pressures for local responsiveness by being able to differentiate its product among regional markets. It is difficult to say who exactly are TMCs most important markets considering the company fully commits to each region. As mentioned previously their small platform strategy causes an interconnection of international markets making one just as important and connected to the other. Japanese companies waste less time, money, and space on marketing. People will not see many advertisements for Toyota on the television among the many vehicle advertisements marketed daily. The people in Toyota seem to worry more about the product then the marketing of that product. They believe that quality speaks for itself. This also in turn allows Toyota save a lot of money that would have been spent on advertising and utilizes that very money to improve the quality of their products. Having a marketing department that heavily promotes a product is not a bad strategy either but it seems like Toyota is more confident than many out there because of which it does not feel the need to promote. In addition, confidence is always attractive. It always draws attention and usually proves to be worth while. Toyota considers the buyer as the master while the company itself plays the role of the slave. It seems like they yearn to provide the client, customer, or buyer with the best possible service and products. In addition, everybody likes being the master. Therefore, it is natural for people to get attracted by this company and have a rather enjoyable experience purchasing one of their products. Companys Logistics Approach: Toyotas approach to logistics has been a model that underwent many years of development to become what it is today. Taking a humble approach to manufacturing methods and learning from industries other than the auto industry, Toyotas logistic model, known as the Toyota Production System (TMS), has become a homework assignment for all other automakers around the globe. To properly implement the TMS factories and plants for all operations have been implemented worldwide, consisting of over 65 factories spanning every continent. Some examples of nations with Toyota factories and plants are United States, Canada, Brazil, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Turkey, South Africa and the United Kingdom (Toyota Motor Corporation 2013). Toyota assembly plants get just-in-time (JIT) delivery of parts multiple times per day to plants within the nearby region or country (Toyota Motor Corporation 2013). One part of the solution was to use cross-docking (sometimes called â€Å"break-bulk† facilities). In this case, the cross-dock takes in deliveries of supplier parts a few times a day and reconfigure them into different mixes of products so they are shipped as mixed truckloads of the right number of parts for one to two hours of production. The cross-dock allows for efficient pickup of parts from suppliers and for JIT delivery to the assembly plant. Cross-docks are quite common in many industries, for example, in the food industry, and normally cross-docking is subcontracted out as a commodity. What is distinct about Toyota’s cross-dock is the care with which Toyota’s partner, Transfreight, manages it and the care with which Toyota took much time and effort to teach that partner to use the TPS (Inbound Logistics 2008). From Toyota’s perspective, the cross-dock is an extension of the assembly line, an evolution of the assembly-line created by Henry Ford. Company Human Resource Management Approach: Toyota’s HRM model, which is considered to have been mastered by 1994, strongly believes that human resource practices of this company can serve as a model, particularly for all manufacturing and production oriented companies worldwide. Toyota’s HRM framework broadly comprises of four goals which is described below (in no particular order) (Human Resource Executive Online 2008). Their first goal is the goal of integration throughout the corporation. The integration of employees at individual and collective level with the entire corporation is seen as the primary goal of Toyota HRM strategy. This goal has been achieved through extensive use of teams that are subordinate to organizational goals. Welfare of employees also received wide attention as a part of this goal. Secondly they focus on the goal of flexibility and adaptability. Team authority in place of single individual holding all the powers had paved way for realizing flexibility in the organization. These teams are task-based and can be dismantled or restructured, depending upon the situation. The adaptability trait is institutionalized through the approach of multi-skilling and job rotations, allowing all employs to become more productive at more than one task. The third goal they focus on is The goal of commitment. In order to achieve this goal, a two-pronged strategy was followed. Firstly, Toyota preferred to implement their plants and factories in less urban and more rural areas. They believe that people who are not contaminated by industrial culture and influences tend to retain with them a kind of feudal value of loyalty, which can be converted into organizational commitment. Secondly, measures such as suggestion schemes, quality circles and employee involvement methods are used to gain commitment. Lastly, the goal of quality. Self, peer and teams surveillance techniques are used to ensure quality of products. Toyota also believes that the combination of all 3 goals previously stated will reinforce the realization of this last goal. Summary: Toyota contains many strengths and few weaknesses when considering the allowance of TMC to begin operations within our country. Weaknesses such as a net loss in 2009 and a recall of 8 million vehicles globally that took place in 2008 through 2009 can be strongly shadowed by the strengths such as an increase in revenues of over 26% from the last fiscal year and reclaiming its position as the largest automaker in the world. Toyotas international strategy and logistics approach based on the Toyota Production System offer the possibility that the company would invest many regions of our country at a large scale which could offer employment opportunities in a large scale, improve infrastructure and technology. As a subsequent effect, this could help improve our nations standard of living and economics. Since they do not entirely focus on marketing, like many other automakers do, it should not pose any future problems with our nations current implementation of laws and guidelines within the broadcasting/telecommunication industry. Finally, after analyzing the companys human resource management model, it seems that Toyota would offer a healthy, safe and structured workplace for future employees. Their model would also improve the productivity and knowledge of our citizens which as mentioned before could help this nation economically. Conclusion: After extensively analyzing the Toyota Motor Corporation, along with their strengths, weaknesses and what they could offer our nation, I would strongly recommend that they are granted access to cross our borders and begin operations. This decision would offer many short-term and long-term benefits such as employment opportunities and an improved standard of living.